BACKGROUND An important part of preoperative assessment in breast reduction surgery is to locate the site of the nipple-areola complex for the newly structured breast. Inappropriate location is difficult to correct secondarily. Traditional methods of nipple localization taught and practiced suggest the nipple to be located anterior to the inframammary fold. Trying to project this point on the a...

Nevoid hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola (NHNA) is a rare condition, in which the skin of the nipple and/or areola becomes diffusely thickened, hyperpigmented, and covered with filiform or papular warty excrescences. Although it affects both men and woman, approximately 80% of cases ocur in women. Pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed but mainly unsubstantiated. Moreover, specific trea...

BACKGROUND Nipple-areola complex (NAC) sparing mastectomy (NSM) is mostly indicated in patients with small-/medium-sized and non-ptotic breasts, while skin-reducing mastectomy is used in patients with medium or large breasts with severe ptosis. NAC location on the reconstructed breast is one of the major factors in determining the final aesthetic result and patients' satisfaction. An optimum re...

BACKGROUND Understanding the female breast fascial system is of paramount importance in breast surgery. Little was written about breast ligaments. Most articles refer to Cooper's work without further anatomical studies. Lately, a horizontal septum has been described conveying nerves and vessels to the nipple areola complex. METHODS During the surgical dissection of the lower part of the breas...

As part of a metazoan parasite survey of elasmobranchs from Malaysian Borneo, specimens of Rhoptrobothrium Shipley et Hornell, 1906 were collected from the eagle rays Aetomylaeus maculatus (Gray) and Aetomylaeus niehofii (Bloch et Schneider). The type species is redescribed from its type host, and a neotype specimen is designated. In addition, three new species of Rhoptrobothrium are described:...

with fever, malaise and asymptomatic oro-cutaneous lesions for the past 3-4 days, after being involved in cleaning activity of a fish pond. On examination he was febrile (temperature 100oF) with no lymphadenopathy. Oral cavity showed aphthae-like lesions having small yellowish-white shallow necrotic vesicles surrounded by red areola over palate, buccal and labial mucosae (Fig.1). Cutaneous lesi...