Abstract Why have economic reforms aimed at reducing the role of the state been successful in some cases but not others? Are reform failures the consequence of leviathan states that hinder private economic activity, or of weak states unable to implement policies effectively and provide a supportive institutional environment? We explore these questions in a study of privatization in postcommunis...

At this point, it is nearly impossible to escape discussion of the aging of the baby boom and its implications for Social Security. No set of reasonable demographic and economic assumptions yields a forecast of long-term solvency for the program as it exists today (Board of Trustees 1997; Congressional Budget Office (CBO) 1997). Some reform is necessary. The open questions are which reforms and...

Due to the gap in understanding board leadership and specifically, board shared leadership, this article aims at proposing some antecedents of the emergence of board shared leadership. This article incorporates three bodies of literature: Team effectiveness, team leadership, and board management. Based on integrating several theoretical perspectives, nine propositions are developed in relation ...

Array privatization is one of the most e ective transformations for the exploitation of parallelism. In this paper, we present a technique for automatic array privatization. Our algorithm uses data ow analysis of array references to identify privatizable arrays intraprocedurally as well as interprocedurally. It employs static and dynamic resolution to determine the last value of a lived private...

This report is part of a series of working papers published under the ILO's Action Programme on Privatization, Restructuring and Economic Democracy for use by governments, workers' organizations, employers' organizations, development agencies, consultants, academics and managers. The ILO is particularly interested in the social aspects of privatization, structural adjustment and economic transf...

In low-income countries privatization, if implemented appropriately, may play an important role in generating growth. Using data recently available from Central and Eastern Europe, we therefore investigate the impact of alternative methods of privatization on economic growth. Our analysis suggests that the use of conventional privatization methods to match owners with firms can be inefficient i...

During the transition to capitalism, the postcommunist countries have experienced unprecedented mortality crises, although there has been considerable variation within — and between — countries and regions. Much of this variation remains unexplained, although alcohol and psychological stress have been found to be major causes of declining life expectancy. We move beyond this finding by showing ...

today, a way of gaining constant and dynamic development is reforming of the ownerships structure, from governmental ownership to privatization ownership. so this policy in many countries, especially in developing countries, as a strategic policy has been used. compilation and performing principle 44, s policies of iran islamic republic law constitution which parliament has confirmed. one of th...

This paper conducts a crosscountry empirical study of the impact of institutions and agency conflicts on ownership reforms and their implications for changes in performance and efficiency. We examine two main questions. First, we evaluate the effects of certain property rights and institutional quality measures on performance and efficiency. We find that property rights and contracting rights p...