Although the effects of negative reinforcement on human behavior have been studied for a number of years, a comprehensive body of applied research does not exist at this time. This article describes three aspects of negative reinforcement as it relates to applied behavior analysis: behavior acquired or maintained through negative reinforcement, the treatment of negatively reinforced behavior, a...

Three studies were undertaken to develop the Positive-Negative Relationship Quality scale (PN-RQ), conceptualizing relationship quality as a bidimensional construct in which the positive qualities of a relationship are treated as distinct from its negative qualities. Analyses in emerging adults (Study 1: N = 1,814), in online respondents (Study 2: N = 787) with a 2-week follow-up, and in a sing...

In this paper, the author proposes that the longterm health of engineering education in Canada would be served well by separating applied science and engineering. The rationale for such a separation is presented, along with some suggestions for how the two streams, each leading to a doctorate, could be implemented.

Subtropical reefs provide an important habitat for flora and fauna, and proper monitoring is required for conservation. Monitoring these exposed and submerged reefs is challenging and available resources are limited. Citizen science is increasing in momentum, as an applied research tool and in the variety of monitoring approaches adopted. This paper aims to demonstrate an ecological assessment ...

Quantification of the failure of the passive welfare system to alleviate the plight of Indigenous people in Australia indicates a remedial role for Indigenous entrepreneurship. However, sustained poor performance in Indigenous entrepreneurship in Australia contrasts with recent high levels of performance in Canada. Three phenomena account for the differences. Canadian Indigenous entrepreneurshi...

This paper discusses the applied aspects of our Drug Resistance Strategies Project. We argue that a new definitional distinction is needed to expand the notion of "applied" from the traditional notion of utilizing theory, which we call "applied.1", in order to consider theory-grounded, theory testing and theory developing applied research. We label this new definition "applied.2" research. We t...

The results of a national fear of crime survey are compared with results following the use of different nonresponse correction procedures. We compared naive estimates, weighted estimates, estimates after a thorough nonresponse follow-up and estimates after multiple imputation. A strong similarity between the MI and the follow-up-estimates was found. This suggests, that if the assumptions of MAR...

Efforts to develop behavioral technologies from advances in basic research assume that results from studies with nonhuman subjects can, in some instances, be applied to human behavior. The behavioral principles likely to be most useful for application are those that represent robust general behavioral relations. Basic and applied research on behavioral momentum suggests that there is a general ...

"Research Opportunities" is a regular feature of this journal that transmits information regarding sources of support for basic and applied research in spine and musculoskeletal rehabilitation. In the previous issue, this feature provided a historical and legislative overview of the National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research (NCMRR), a newly created unit of the National Institutes of H...

The voltage between a standing tree and its surrounding soil is regarded as an innovative renewable energy source. This source is expected to provide a new power generation system for the low-power electrical equipment used in forestry. However, the voltage is weak, which has caused great difficulty in application. Consequently, the development of a method to increase the voltage is a key issue...