Naturally evolving antibodies attain elevated affinity in germinal centers (GCs).[1] In these dynamic open micro-structures, competition between B cell clones and their somatic mutants drives an increase average across individual populations of up to a few thousand cells. Such evolutionary learning the antigenic target (known as maturation), however, eventually saturates. Most notably, saturati...

An antigen-antibody reaction occurring in the perfused sensitized guinea pig lung, has been demonstrated to release kallikrein, a proteolytic enzyme related to the formation of kinins. This lung kallikrein is similar to plasma kallikrein in all properties studied, including susceptibility to the same inhibitors, electrophoretic mobility, and heterogeneity in molecular size. The release of kalli...

Our perception of the scope self-antigen availability for tolerance induction in the thymus has profoundly changed over the recent years following new insights into the cellular and molecular complexity of intrathymic antigen presentation. The diversity of self-peptide display is on the one hand afforded by the remarkable heterogeneity of thymic antigen presenting cells (APCs) and on the other ...

Background: Studies investigating the association between diabetes mellitus and prostate cancer have reported inconsistent findings. We examined this association by conducting a detailedmeta-analysis of the studies published on the subject. Methods: MEDLINE and EMBASE databases and bibliographies of retrieved articles were searched. Studies investigating the relationship between diabetes mellit...

The protein and antigen profiles of 11 isolates of Mycoplasma bovis were compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis of whole organisms. The isolates examined included the type strain PG45 and 10 other filter-cloned strains or purified isolates both from animals without clinical signs and from clinical cases of bovine mastitis, arthritis, or pne...

Abstract CAR-T cell therapy is a promising new immunotherapy for number of difficult-to-treat cancers, however, it has yet to yield broad success in glioblastoma (GBM). In particular, tumor heterogeneity presents major therapeutic challenge, and detailed understanding the complex interplay between different neoplastic, non-neoplastic, cells critical developing better treatments. Using patient-d...

leptospirosis is one of the most prevalent zoonotic diseases worldwide. currently, multivalent whole-cell leptospiral vaccines can induce protection against leptospirosis. therefore, preparation and formulation of new generations of vaccines that can stimulate long-term immunity for leptospirosis control are essential. the aim of this study was to prepare and characterize alginate microspheres ...

the liver fluke fasciola hepatica causes fascioliasis, a liver disease in most part of the world and particularly in north of iran. diagnosis of the diseases is anchored in coprological manner but serological methods are preferable due to some obscurities. in this study, sera obtained from human patients infected with fasciola hepatica were tested by the enzymelinked immunotrotransfer blot (eit...

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy represents one of the most innovative immunotherapy approaches. The encouraging results achieved by CAR-T in hematological disorders paved way for employment CAR engineered T cells different types solid tumors. This adoptive a selective and efficacious approach to eradicate tumors through recognition tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Binding TAAs p...