From October 30 through December 23, 1998, CDC received reports of a series of bioterroristic threats of anthrax exposure. Letters alleged to contain anthrax were sent to health clinics on October 30, 1998, in Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee. During December 17-23 in California, a letter alleged to contain anthrax was sent to a private business, and three telephone threats of anthrax contamina...

A nthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by the gram-positive spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. It primarily affects domestic and wild herbivores (such as cattle, sheep, goats, bison, deer, antelope and hippos) and in those species it is usually fatal. It is distributed globally and remains enzootic in many regions of the world, particularly sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Central and South...

Altboum, Z., Y. Gozes, A. Barnea, A. Pass, M. White, and D. Kobiler 2002. Post exposure prophylaxis against anthrax: Evaluation of various treatment regimens in Intranasally infected guinea pigs. Infection and immunity 70:6231. Druett, H.A., D.W. Henderson, L. Packman, and Sory Infection with Anthrax Spores. Journal of Hygiene 51:359. Haas, C.N., 2002. On the risk of mortality to primates expos...

Inhalation anthrax occurred in a man who vacationed in 4 US states where anthrax is enzootic. Despite an extensive multi-agency investigation, the specific source was not detected, and no additional related human or animal cases were found. Although rare, inhalation anthrax can occur naturally in the United States.

Abstract Background Anthrax continues to be a disease of public health importance in Zimbabwe, with sporadic outbreaks reported annually many parts the country. A human anthrax outbreak occurred wards 22 and 23 Makoni District from mid-June 2013 end January 2014, following cattle deaths wards. Laboratory tests confirmed as cause for deaths. This study investigated clinical characteristics, dist...

A novel ratiometric luminescence nanoprobe based on layered terbium hydroxide nanosheets can selectively detect dipicolinic acid, which is an anthrax biomarker.

Safety concerns have confronted the Department of Defense Anthrax Vaccine Immunization Program since inception in 1998. To determine if anthrax vaccination was associated with an increased risk of hospitalization, a historical cohort study utilizing pre- and post-anthrax-vaccination hospitalizations was undertaken and analyzed with Cox proportional hazards models. The study population consisted...

Several strategies that target anthrax toxin are being developed as therapies for infection by Bacillus anthracis. Although the action of the tripartite anthrax toxin has been extensively studied in vitro, relatively little is known about the presence of toxins during an infection in vivo. We developed a series of sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for detection of b...

Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, produces a tripartite toxin composed of two enzymatically active subunits, lethal factor (LF) and edema factor (EF), which, when associated with a cell-binding component, protective antigen (PA), form lethal toxin and edema toxin, respectively. In this preliminary study, we characterized the toxin-specific antibody responses observed in 17 ind...

Anthrax has been studied intensively in Etosha National Park, Namibia since 1966; in addition, since 1975, mortality due to rabies and all other causes has been recorded, totalling 6,190 deaths. Standard diagnostic procedures demonstrated that at least 811 deaths (13%) were due to anthrax and 115 deaths (2%) were caused by rabies. Of the total number of deaths due to anthrax, 97% occurred in ze...