Ecological patterns and processes are characteristically scale dependent, and research findings often cannot be translated easily from one scale to another. Conservation biology is challenged by a lack of congruence between the spatial scales of ecological research (typically involving small plots) and land management (typically involving whole landscapes). Here, I discuss spatial scaling issue...

The aim of this study was to analyze: i) the spider community in vegetative and reproductive branches of Psychotria carthagenensis concerning relative abundance, guild composition and body size distribution; ii) ant abundance in different types of branches and iii) the spider behavior when experimentally put in contact with inflorescences covered with ants. There was no difference between veget...

Swarm robotic is a new research area in the domain of Artificial intelligence. Particularly, the swarm robot concept is adopted from Mother Nature that combines small robots in a group to solve a particular problem. This work presents decentralization of swarm robots along-with their methods of optimization, development, applications and implementation in real life domain. It also solves the tr...

An antigen that clearly marked T helper cells was first identified when the W 3 / 2 5 mouse monoclonal ant ibody was raised against rat thymocytes (1, 2). T h e W 3 / 2 5 antigen appears to be equivalent to human T 4 antigen, which is now called CD4 (3), and to mouse L 3 T 4 antigen (4-6). Hencefor th , we will call the rat ant igen "CD4 (W3/25) ." Antibodies to CD4 antigens inhibit T helper ce...

C. 1). THRON. Ott th( Analysis of PharmaN)logicaI 1 xj)(’rin ents it! i ernis of tui Allosteric Receptor \IOdPl 1 B. TESTA AND P. ,JENNER. Circular Dicliroic Determination of tll(’ l (’ferr(’d Conformation of Nicotine and Related (1hiral Alkaloids in AquNnis Solution 10 H. HAQUE, I. ,J. TINSLEY, ANt) I). SCHMEI)t)ING. Lipid Binding and \Iode of Action of Compounds of the 1)ichl( )rodiphenvlt ri...

OBJECTIVE To explore the efficacy of remotely-supervised transcranial direct current stimulation (RS-tDCS) paired with cognitive training (CT) exercise in participants with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS In a feasibility study of RS-tDCS in MS, participants completed ten sessions of tDCS paired with CT (1.5 mA × 20 min, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex montage). RS-tDCS participants were comp...

Among the anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), those targeting proteinase 3 (PR3) have a high specificity for Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). It is known that a preceding priming of neutrophils with cytokines is a prerequisite for membrane surface expression of PR3, which is then accessible to autoantibody binding. Employing a monoclonal antibody directed against human PR3 and ANCA-pos...

Ants dominate many terrestrial ecosystems, yet we know little about their nutritional physiology and ecology. While traditionally viewed as predators and scavengers, recent isotopic studies revealed that many dominant ant species are functional herbivores. As with other insects with nitrogen-poor diets, it is hypothesized that these ants rely on symbiotic bacteria for nutritional supplementatio...