I t is well recognized that the trace element content of soils and associated grassland or forage may, under certain conditions of farming practice, influence the health of livestock and the economics of agricultural production. There is also evidence, though mainly empirical, that disease in man may at times be related to the trace metal status of the environment in which he lives. The prime s...

Geomedicine is the science dealing with the influence of natural factors on the geographical distribution of problems in human and veterinary medicine. Discussions on potential harmful impacts on human and animal health related to soil chemistry are frequently focused on soil pollution. However, problems related to natural excess or deficiency of chemical substances may be even more important i...

A bird of prey, as their name indicates, is any species of bird that hunts other animals such as small mammals, fish, and other birds for food. Birds of prey are commonly referred to as raptors and possess powerful, sharp talons and hooked bills for capturing and eating prey, which distinguish them from other types of birds. Raptors are generally larger than common songbirds, but there are a fe...

background: numerous studies have assessed risk factors for multiple sclerosis (ms), but regarded to paradoxical results & specific ethnical- cultural circumstances in ahvaz, as a city in iran, this case-control study was aimed to assess some factors related to lifestyle (consumption & exposure with cigarette smoking, duration & surface of sun light exposure, exposure to pets and farm animals) ...

When selecting optimal habitats, animals should rely on detecting environmental cues that indicate the suitability of a given site. In fossorial animals, restrictions underground environment might limit opportunities for habitat selection. However, field observations some amphisbaenian reptiles microhabitat occupancy is not random. This simply result from low survival individuals in suboptimal ...

In each of 4 experiments animals were given a structural discrimination task that involved visual patterns composed of identical features, but the spatial relations among the features were different for reinforced and nonreinforced trials. In Experiment 1 the stimuli were pairs of colored circles, and pigeons were required to discriminate between patterns that were the mirror image of each othe...