Many laboratory rodents emit ultrasonic vocalizations. The purpose of this review is to highlight the types and functions of ultrasonic vocalizations emitted by laboratory rats and mice. Rats emit 3 types of ultrasonic vocalizations, depending on the animal's age, its environmental conditions, and its affective state. Rat pups emit a 40-kHz vocalization when they are separated from their mother...

We have examined the developmental specification of individual cells in the Xenopus blastula using a new in vitro culture system. Regional differences are apparent at the mid-blastula stage when animal hemisphere cells form only ectodermal cell types, while many clones from below the pigment boundary contain mesodermal cell types. A number of clones give rise to more than one differentiated cel...

prevalence of different aggression types and some related risk indicators were studied in 434 dogspresented to the school of veterinary medicine at shiraz university over a one-year period (from march2010 to june 2011). after taking case histories and examining all dogs, related questionnaires werecompleted for each dog and the nine classical types of aggression were evaluated. 25.3% of all cas...

The evolution of the eye is a matter of debate ever since Darwin's Origin of Species. While morphological comparisons of eye anatomy and photoreceptor cell types led to the view that animal eyes evolved multiple times independently, the molecular conservation of the pax6 eye-specifying cascade has indicated the contrary - that animal eyes evolved from a common, simple precursor, the proto-eye. ...

Different individuals exhibit distinct behaviors, but studying the neuronal basis of individuality is a daunting challenge. Here, we considered this question in the vomeronasal organ, a pheromone-detecting epithelium containing hundreds of distinct neuronal types. Using light-sheet microscopy, we characterized in each animal the abundance of 17 physiologically defined types, altogether recordin...

introduction: contamination of foodstuffs with fungi and the toxins produced by them is a very important problem in human and animal feeding. in most villages around shiraz, in small-scale dairy farms, dry leftover bread which is mostly contaminated with fungi is used as a part of food ration for animals. the thin-layer chromatographic method which was used for determination of aflatoxin. inges...

Introduction: Contamination of foodstuffs with fungi and the toxins produced by them is a very important problem in human and animal feeding. In most villages around Shiraz, in small-scale dairy farms, dry leftover bread which is mostly contaminated with fungi is used as a part of food ration for animals. The thin-layer chromatographic method which was used for determination of aflatoxin. Inges...