due to the complex nature of deviation, delinquency and crime, criminology and sociology of deviations have used, in their studies of social deviations, not only different theoretical frameworks but different methods commonly used in qualitative and quantitative approaches. this diversity of methods has provided great opportunities for the evaluation of the methods and eclectic use of methods, ...

this study attempted to investigate the effect of bilingualism on pragmaticawareness and development among iranian turkish/persian efl learners. data werecollected through a personal profile questionnaire with questions about theparticipants’ language background and a wdct with 10 situations to determine theextent to which the bilinguals demonstrated their pragmatic awareness of requests.they w...

alternative assessment approaches received considerable attention soon after a discontent with traditional, one-shot testing. these approaches, however, have been used only to improve learners’ linguistic ability despite communicative models of language which pointed that knowledge of language also involves pragmatic ability (bachman, 1990; bachman & palmer, 1996). the present study tries t...

The pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic aspects of language use vary across different situations, languages, and cultures. The separation of these two facets of language use can help to map out the socio-cultural norms and conventions as well as the linguistic forms and strategies that underlie the pragmatic performance of different language speakers in a variety of target language use situatio...

When we speak we can do all sorts of things, from aspirating a consonant, to constructing a relative clause, to insulting a guest, to starting a war. These are all, pre-theoretically, speech acts—acts done in the process of speaking. The theory of speech acts, however, is especially concerned with those acts that are not completely covered under one or more of the major divisions of grammar—pho...