[1] This paper examines the sensitivity of atmospheric pCO2 to changes in ocean biology that result in drawdown of nutrients at the ocean surface. We show that the global inventory of preformed nutrients is the key determinant of atmospheric pCO2 and the oceanic carbon storage due to the soft-tissue pump (OCSsoft). We develop a new theory showing that under conditions of perfect equilibrium bet...

because of low spatial resolution and simplifications in meteorological processes in global circulation models, they cannot sufficiently simulate the weather, comparing to the regional models; then, spatial and temporal downscaling of the gcm outputs are needed for decreasing errors of the global circulation models. there are two methods of downscaling: statistical and dynamic. weather generato...

The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), 21 thousand years before present, was the time of maximum land ice extent during the last ice age. A recent simulation of LGM climate by a state-ofthe-art fully coupled global climate model is shown to exhibit strong, steady atmospheric jets and weak transient eddy activity in the Atlantic sector compared to today’s climate. In contrast, previous work based on un...

In this paper we present some results on the implementation of atmosphere and ocean circulation models on massively parallel computers. These circulation models are enormous computationally demanding tasks and play an indispensable role in climate modelling. Therefore they have an important impact on society. After a brief introduction on the physics behind the circulation models based on geo-p...

Several studies document lengthening of the frost-free season within the conterminous United States (U.S.) over the past century, and report trends in spring and fall frost timing that could stem from hemispheric warming. In the absence of warming, theory and case studies link anomalous frost timing to atmospheric circulation anomalies. However, recent efforts to relate a century of observed ch...

Abstract Midlatitude atmospheric blocking events are important drivers of long-lasting extreme weather conditions at regional to continental scales. However, modern climate models consistently underestimate their frequency occurrence compared observations, casting doubt on future projections extremes. Using the prominent and largely underestimated winter in Europe as a test case, this study fir...

Advancing the representation of uncertainties in ocean general circulation numerical models is required for several applications, ranging from data assimilation to climate monitoring and extended-range prediction systems. The atmospheric forcing represents one main uncertainty sources models. Here, we formulate revise different approaches perturb air-sea fluxes used within boundary conditions. ...