In this paper a new reinforcement learning system for generating marshaling plan of freight cars in a train is designed. In the proposed method, the total transfer distance of a locomotive is minimized to obtain the desired layout of freight cars for an outbound train. The order of movements of freight cars, the position for each removed car, the layout of cars in a train and the number of cars...

The nymphal stage of whiteßy pests is important in terms of its relationship to pest management measures and virus epidemiology. Among the nymphal forms, the active Þrst instar, i.e., crawler, is the only mobile form of immature whiteßies. A study was conducted to determine any inßuence of vegetable plant species and temperature on net distance moved (between the egg site and Þnal resting site)...

Vacuum spatial filters, used to control beam quality and remove unwanted high spatial frequency noise from amplified beam pulses, mostly rely on two-lens imaging telescopes with no flexibility in magnification and imaging distance unless the lenses themselves are replaced. New three-lens and four-lens imaging telescopes facilitate adjustable beam magnification and imaging distance by altering o...

During flexion of the intact knee, we measured the changes in distance between possible tibial and femoral attachments of an intraarticular ACL substitute. The change in distance during motion was described by the difference between the longest and shortest distances measured. Using knees from eight cadaver donors, we studied the effects of varying tibial and femoral attachment locations, apply...

Providing field coverage is a key task in many sensor network applications. In certain scenarios, the sensor field may have coverage holes due to random initial deployment of sensors; thus, the desired level of coverage cannot be achieved. A hybrid wireless sensor network is a cost-effective solution to this problem, which is achieved by repositioning a portion of the mobile sensors in the netw...

We investigated the extent to which motion repulsion and binocular motion rivalry depend on the distance between moving elements. The stimuli consisted of two sets of spatially intermingled, finite-life random dots that moved across each other. The distance between the dots moving in different directions was manipulated by spatially pairing the dot trajectories with various precisions. Data fro...

Methods Imaging studies and device records for 45 consecutive patients with an ICD undergoing cardiac MRI were reviewed. Generator artifact diameter was measured on axial dark-blood sequences when available and compared among device manufacturers. In 28 of these patients who had available chest x-rays, minimum distance of the generator from the heart border was measured and compared to the dist...

The Margulis constant for Kleinian groups is the smallest constant c such that for each discrete group G and each point x in the upper half space H, the group generated by the elements in G which move x less than distance c is elementary. We take a first step towards determining this constant by proving that if 〈f, g〉 is nonelementary and discrete with f parabolic or elliptic of order n ≥ 3, th...