Political sophistication is a concept that encompasses political reasoning, the coherence of people's issue attitudes, and their knowledge of political processes. To what extent is political sophistication affected by genes and environments? Do these distinct but related measures of sophistication share a common genetic structure? We analyze survey data collected from participants in the Minnes...

Recent studies have shown that variation in political attitudes and participation can be attributed to both genes and the environment. This finding begs the question of why genes matter to participation, and by which pathways. Two hypotheses suggest that feelings of civic duty and sense of political efficacy intermediate the relationship between genes and political participation and, thus, that...

political participation can be considered as one of the indices in social and political development in different countries. women, who are commonly included in a society, can have essential roles to control a community and its political, social and cultural developments as well. therefore investigating women's political behavior is especially important to political and dynamical stabilitie...