Patients who harbor brain arteriovenous malformations are at risk for intracranial hemorrhage. These malformations are often seen in inherited vascular diseases such as hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. However, malformations within the brain also sporadically occur without a hereditary-coding component. Here, we review recent insights into the pathophysiology of arteriovenous malformation...

It is commonly accepted that the examination and statistical analysis of femoral Anthropometry among different populations reveals a great amount of variation due to the face that the femoral Anthropometry measurements from different countries are likely to be affected by racial variations in diet, heredity, climate and other geographical factors related to life. Anatomists have carried out var...

Aortic arch (AA) is a prolongation of aorta ascendens and forms a part of mediastenum superius. It begins right above the joint of sternum and the second rib at the posterior right half of manubrium sterni. Presently, aorta has been pointed out not only to perform the duty of a canal but in fact has been shown to have a significant role in regulating left ventricular function and myocardial per...

Doctors without anatomy are like a blind that deceives the road in the desert. Traditionalists perceive a decline in Anatomy knowledge and attribute it to the modern methods of teaching and learning. Reformers point to evidence that modern approaches offer equivalent results in assessment when compared to traditional courses. It seems that there are three aspects that need to be resolved: when,...