Sciences study both individual objects and generic ones. For example, Astronomy studies both the individual planets of the Solar system: Mercury, Venus, etc. determining their radius, mass, composition, etc., but also the motion of generic planets: Kepler’s laws, that do not just apply to the six planets known at the time of Kepler, but also to those that have been discovered after, and those t...

We initiate the systematic study of QMA algorithms in setting property testing, to which we refer as proofs proximity (QMAPs). These are quantum query that receive explicit access a sublinear-size untrusted proof and ...

An analysis of the climate parametrization scheme adopted by conventional forest gap models revealed that most models assume a constant climate and are difficult to calibrate consistently. Tree growth showed unrealistically sensitive threshold effects along ecological gradients of temperature and precipitation. A new parametrization was compared with its predecessors in terms of the model's cap...