Mathematical expressions exist in all kinds of documents. The automatic location , recognition, analysis and understanding of mathematical expressions are important. Recognition of mathematical expressions has been an attractive problem for the pattern recognition community. When we meet the mathematical expressions we can’t recognize them like the way of ordinary text recognitions. We are in u...

Batteries have been the predominant energy storage system used in electric vehicles. Battery packs a large number of cells that develop charge, thermal, and capacity imbalances over time, limiting power, range, lifetime. Electronic battery management state charge (SoC) equalization methods are necessary to mitigate such imbalances. Today, it is possible find wide range literature, but how decid...