Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is thought to involve lung injury caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn is followed by abnormal fibrosis. A transforming growth factor (TGF)-b1–induced increase in myofibroblast number plays an important role in this abnormal fibrosis. We recently found that mepenzolate bromide (mepenzolate), which has been used clinically to treat gastrointestinal...

BACKGROUND We aimed to investigate the therapeutic effectiveness of leflunomide (LEF) in lung injury after an aspiration of unknown pathophysiology. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-two healthy Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized and allocated to six experimental groups: saline (S) aspirated, S+LEF, hydrochloric acid (HCl) aspirated, HCl+LEF, formula aspirated (FOR), and FOR+LEF. The treatment gr...

Zingiberis Rhizoma (Shokyo, [Japanese characters: see text]) showed significant ameliorative effect on the BaCl2-induced delay of gastric emptying in rat. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the aqueous extract of Shokyo resulted in isolation of 6-gingesulfonic acid (1) and shogasulfonic acid A (3). These compounds significantly improved the delay of gastric emptying on both BaCl2-induced and N(G)...

  In this article, the language units representing emotive negative inner state such as "regret, sadness, longing, grief" in 11th century work "Qutty Bilik" epic, which is common to Turkic languages ​​and culture, were studied. Also, ways of internal mind and parameters general emotions are considered it. To date, emotives have been studied separate works languages, but for first time, a c...

Abstract Supporters of conceptual engineering often use Haslanger’s ameliorative project as a key example their methodology. However, at face value, is no cause for optimism about engineering. If we interpret Haslanger seeking to revise how people in general and understand words such ‘woman’, ‘man’, etc., then her has been unsuccessful. And if reveal the meaning those words, does not involve I ...