The width of the cusp region is an indicator of the strength of the merging process and the degree of opening of the magnetosphere. During three years, the Magion-4 satellite, as part of the Interball project, has collected a unique data set of cusp-like plasma observations in middle and high altitudes. For a comparison of highand low-altitude cusp determination, we map our observations of cusp...

A statistical analysis of F-region and topside auroral ion up ̄ow events is presented. The study is based on observations from EISCAT Common Programmes (CP) 1 and 2 made between 1984 and 1996, and Common Programme 7 observations taken between 1990 and 1995. The occurrence frequency of ion up ̄ow events (IUEs) is examined over the altitude range 200 to 500 km, using ®eld-aligned observations from ...

Abstract Understanding the spatial variation in species richness and mechanisms that limit range sizes along geographical gradients belong to central research issues macroecology. Here, we aim test topographic climatic effects on anuran community composition mountainous regions Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome. We used Individual‐Based Rarefaction Curve (interpolation extrapolation), Generalized...

The Amazon River basin region is a vast territory with an area >7 million km2, encompassing parts of 9 South American countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. The Amazon River, the longest river in the world, traverses the region from west to east, fed by multiple tributaries. The region also contains the largest tropical rainforest in...

[1] During the Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWPICE) an intense tropical low was situated between Darwin and Alice Springs, Australia. Observations made on 31 January 2006 by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder instrument on the NASA Aqua satellite imaged the presence of atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs), at approximately 40 km altitude, with horizontal wavelengths between 200 ...

The liquid rocket propellant burns inadequately in the combustion chamber; therefore, exhaust gas reacts with oxygen and heat that was generated, which turn affects thermal environment. By using finite-rate chemical kinetics discrete ordinates method, calculation model for four-engine flowfield is established, numerically investigates afterburning effect on environment of engine plume under dif...

Abstract. The vertical structure of atmospheric aerosols over the Indian mainland and surrounding oceans its spatial distinctiveness resultant heating are characterised using long-term (2007–2020) satellite observations, assimilated aerosol single scattering albedo, radiative transfer calculations. results show strong, seasonally varying zonal gradients in concentration extent study region. Com...

medicinal plant species constitute a considerable part of the flora in iran and play a major role in the composition of plant communities. therefore, it is necessary to recognize the factors leading to the establishment and distribution of vegetation. for data sampling (2012), land units were specified. the plot size was determined using minimal area method and number of plots was determined by...