Surface lignite coal mines in east Texas are commonly reforested using loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) following mining and reclamation activities. Due to the nature of such an extreme disturbance, altered growth patterns, growth rates, and productivity could be expected. We destructively sampled aboveand belowground tissue to develop prediction equations specific to these sites. These predictio...

†Background and Aims The underlying evolutionary processes of pollinator-driven floral diversification are still poorly understood. According to the Grant–Stebbins model speciation begins with adaptive local differentiation in the response to spatial heterogeneity in pollinators. Although this crucial process links the microand macroevolution of floral adaptation, it has received little attenti...

D etermining the ‘‘rules’’ that govern the lifespans and birth and death rates of organisms is a central goal of population biology and lies at the heart of understanding a broad range of ecological and evolutionary phenomena (1, 2). Yet, until recently, quantifying these rules and, more importantly, providing a mechanistic explanation for how they operate have eluded biologists. This gap in ou...

the aim of this study was to develop an optimal sustainable forest plantation based on goal programming and analytic hierarchy process (ahp) methods. this study was carried out in guilan province, north of iran. first of all, the ecological capability of the study area for plantation establishment/maintenance was evaluated based on multi-factor method and specific ecological makhdoum model by m...

Predictions of forest succession, diversity and function require an understanding of how species differ in their growth, allocation patterns and susceptibility to mortality. These processes in turn are affected by allometric constraints and the physiological state of the tree, both of which are coupled to the tree's labile carbon status. Ultimately, insight into the hidden labile pools and the ...

This research develops an allometric model for estimation of biomass based on the height and DBH of trees in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran. An accurate allometric model reduces the uncertainty of allometric equation in biomass estimation using radar images. In this study, 317 trees were selected randomly from the 4 different dominant tree species for the development of an allometric model cover...

The function of the exaggerated structures that adorn many fossil vertebrates remains largely unresolved. One recurrent hypothesis is that these elaborated traits had a role in thermoregulation. This orthodoxy persists despite the observation that traits exaggerated to the point of impracticality in extant organisms are almost invariably sexually selected. We use allometric scaling to investiga...

In fishes, cleaning is a mutualistic behavior wherein a species will remove and consume ectoparasites from other organisms. More than two-thirds of cleaner fishes display this behavior predominately as juveniles and discontinue cleaning as adults; such species are here referred to as 'facultative cleaners'. Whether allometric changes in morphological traits coincide with ontogenetic shifts away...

abstract this study carried out on 194 fish (garra rufa) during the months of january to march at eight stations in dinvar river located at kermanshah province. during this study, 34 attributes and 11 traits count was measured geometric parameters and natural mortality and total amount 0.346, infinite length l∞=124.57 mm, growth factor k=0.29 and the length and weight of the exponential functio...