The role of volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential clinical role of VMAT compared with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D CRT) for liver irradiation. Four-dimensional CT scans of 24patients with unresectable HCC were included and divided into two groups: (1) adjacent grou...

Sir, Heterotopic gastric mucosa has been reported all along the alimentary tract, including the tongue, oesophagus, small intestine, biliary tract, gall bladder, colon, and rectum, the most common site being in Meckel’s diverticulum. In addition, heterotopic gastric mucosa has been described in the mediastinum, face, spinal cord, and umbilicus. However, heterotopic gastric mucosa in the rectum ...

Duplications of the alimentary tract are rare congenital malformations and may occur anywhere in the intestinal tract. Intestinal duplication cysts have been rarely found with intestinal malrotation anomaly. We present a 2-year old boy who had intestinal duplication cyst, associated with intestinal malrotation anomaly.

This investigation was undertaken to verify the prevalence of helminths parasites in the gastrointestinal tract of catfish. A total number of 116 catfish (Silurus glanis) were collected from Zarrine-roud river and examined for helminths. Fish were examined after washing contents of gastrointestinal tract and observed for the presence of helminths using a stereo microscope and a light microscope...

Since the.discovery of Anand and Brobeck (1951), the hypothalamus is considered a s the main "food center". From this time many authors (Miller 1957, Wyrwicka 1957, Morgane 1961, Teitelbaum and Epstein 1962, Balinska 1963, and others) studied different aspects of the effects of hypothalamic lesions and hypothalamic stimulation on food intake mechanisms and conditioned reflexes in cats, rats, ra...