نتایج جستجو برای: air detector
تعداد نتایج: 262577 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
Ground based experiments as extensive air shower arrays can observe 1÷10 GeV Gamma-Ray Bursts using the ”single particle” technique. The sensitivity to detect a GRB as a function of the burst parameters and the detector characteristics are discussed. The rate of possible observations is evaluated, making reasonable assumptions on the high energy emission, the absorption of gammarays in the inte...
A fluorescence telescope tower array has been designed to measure cosmic rays in the energy range of 10(17)-10(18) eV. A full Monte Carlo simulation, including air shower production, light generation and propagation, detector response, electronics, and trigger system, has been developed for that purpose. Using such a simulation tool, the detector configuration, which includes one main tower arr...
A new type of cosmic-ray experiment is under construction in the Pyhäsalmi mine in the underground laboratory of the University of Oulu, Finland. It aims to study the composition of cosmic rays at and above the knee region. The experiment, called EMMA, will cover approximately 150 m of detector area. The array is capable of measuring the multiplicity and the lateral distribution of underground ...
KASCADE-Grande, located at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, is a multi-detector experiment for the measurement of extensive air showers induced by primary cosmic rays in the energy range of 10 14 − 10 18 eV. With its 0.5 km large field detector, in combination with the muon detectors of the KASCADE array, it allows the reconstruction of both the total electron and muon numbers, which are important ...
The Pierre Auger Observatory in Malargüe, Argentina, is designed to study the origin of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays with energies above 1018 eV. The energy calibration of the detector is based on a system of four air fluorescence detectors. To obtain reliable calorimetric information from the fluorescence stations, the atmospheric conditions at the experiment’s site need to be monitored contin...
background: xylene is known as one of the most toxic of the nervous system. the purpose of this study is to estimate the concentration of xylene in the cabin of the vehicles production in iran. also the effect of ventilation, cigarette smoking, and air freshener inside the vehicle, fuel type and car decorations on the concentration of the substance being studied. methods: 152 vehicles pride a...
PURPOSE The Monte Carlo calculation algorithm in the MultiPlan (Accuray, Palo Alto, CA) treatment planning system used for CyberKnife (Accuray) robotic radiosurgery requires in-air measurements. In this study, results were compared for the impact of build-up caps using a diode detector for small field in-air measurements. METHODS Two acrylic caps custom-made for the SFD diode detector (IBA, G...
Ethylene production by primary roots of 72-h-old intact seedlings of Zea mays L. cv. LG 11 was studied under ambient and sub-ambient oxygen partial pressures (p 0 2) using a gas flow-through system linked to a photoacoustic laser detector. Despite precautions to minimize physical perturbation to seedlings while setting-up, ethylene produc tion in air was faster during the first 6h than later, ...
ID: 18837 Title: Improved Collimator Scattering Factor (Sc) Measurements for Small Fields Using Build-Up Caps in Robotic Radiosurgery Purpose:The Monte Carlo calculation algorithm in the MultiPlan (Accuray, Palo Alto, CA) treatment planning system used for CyberKnife (Accuray) robotic radiosurgery requires in-air measurements. In this study, results were compared for the impact of build-up caps...
Air-fluorescence detectors such as the High Resolution Fly’s Eye (HiRes) detector are very sensitive to upwardgoing, Earth-skimming ultra-high-energy electron-neutrino-induced showers. This is due to the relatively large interaction cross sections of these high-energy neutrinos and to the Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal (LPM) effect. The LPM effect causes a significant decrease in the cross sections ...
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