Congenital anomalies are a leading cause of infant mortality and are important contributors to subsequent morbidity. Studies suggest associations between environmental contaminants and some anomalies, although evidence is limited. We aimed to investigate whether ambient air pollutant and traffic exposures in early gestation contribute to the risk of selected congenital anomalies in the San Joaq...

Temperature and water vapor variations due to clouds in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) are investigated using co-located MLS, CALIPSO, and CloudSat data. Convective cooling occurs only up to the cloud tops, with warming above these heights in the TTL. Water vapor and ozone anomalies above the cloud tops are consistent with the warming being due to downward motion. Thicker clouds are associ...

This chapter reviews the progress made in the past decade in understanding tropical Atlantic climate variability. In addition to an equatorially anti-symmetric seasonal cycle forced directly by the seasonal march of the sun, Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) displays a pronounced annual cycle on the equator that results from continental monsoon forcing and air-sea interaction. This cycle i...

Nonlinear projections of the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) onto North American winter (November–March) surface air temperature (SAT) and precipitation anomalies have been performed using neural networks. During El Niño, the linear SAT response has positive anomalies centered over Alaska and western Canada opposing weaker negative anomalies centered over southeastern ...

Although the 20th Century warming of global climate is well known, climate change in the high-latitude Southern Hemisphere (SH), especially in the first half of the century, remains poorly documented. We present a composite of water stable isotope data from high-resolution ice cores from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. This record, representative of West Antarctic surface temperature, shows extre...

Introduction: Orofacial clefts are among the most common congenital anomalies. Patients presenting with orofacial clefts often require surgery or other complex procedures. A cleft lip or palate can be a single anomaly or a part of multiple congenital anomalies. The reported prevalence of cleft disease and associated anomalies varies widely across the literature, and is dependent on the diagnost...

The impact of Indo-Pacific climate feedback on the dynamics of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is investigated using an ensemble set of Indian Ocean decoupling experiments (DCPL), utilizing a millennial integration of a coupled climatemodel. It is found that eliminating air–sea interactions over the IndianOcean results in various degrees of ENSO amplification across DCPL simulations, with a...

The sensitivity of long-term averaged air–sea fluxes calculated by a 3D atmospheric general circulation model to SST perturbations of an idealized spatial structure is investigated as a function of the SST perturbation amplitude, spatial scale, latitude, and season. This sensitivity is a dominant, yet largely unknown, parameter determining the stability and variability behavior of ocean-only mo...

When observed air temperatures are analyzed spatially, irregularly sampled data are usually interpolated in some fashion. As a result, methods of spatial analysis clearly play a role in determining the size and variability of estimated air temperature changes, both spatially and temporally. Through graphical and statistical analysis, 3 spherically based interpolation methods inversedistance wei...