flexibility as an ability to respond to changing circumstances is one of the vital characteristics of the natural and built environment. during the contemporary era, diversity of methods relating the architectural flexibility execution are suggested. but along with contemporary conceptual approaches toward pluralism and uncertainty, it seems that the multiplicity of approaches toward flexibilit...

Even in harsh marine environments, concrete structures reinforced with steel can show excellent long-term durability, little or no reinforcement corrosion. Very few actual (RC) have been closely scrutinized over many years and subject to interpretation using recent state-of-the-art understanding gained from detailed laboratory observations. Such a case is described for an 80-year-old RC structu...

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and Polypropylene (PP) is mostly used materials for making items like water bottles, food containers many other plastic products in all fields of life. Due to the scarcity natural aggregates concrete, it required go alternative material, this type one replacement fine aggregate concrete. An objective paper study feasibility recycled PET PP waste be as a building...

Abstract. This study aims to determine the durability of residual strength in Asphalt Concrete – Wearing Course (AC-WC) mixture that uses bottom ash waste as a substitute for fine aggregate. The Marshall Test revealed stability value all variations tested immersion met minimum standard, which was greater than 800 kg, namely 0 hour variation 2170.75 24-hour 2014, 62 48 hours 1938.07 96 1853.45 a...

This paper presents the strength and durability of cement mortars using 0–100% ferronickel slag (FNS) as replacement of natural sand and 30% fly ash or ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) as cement replacement. The maximum mortar compressive strength was achieved with 50% sand replacement by FNS. Durability was evaluated by the changes in compressive strength and mass of mortar specime...