The Aral Sea was the fourth largest inland lake on globe until 1960, with a surface area of about 68,000 km2. Mainly, huge irrigation projects in many parts its transboundary catchment were responsible for catastrophic desiccation and ecological crises after second part 20th century. Ecological crisis surrounding (lake) regions is one critical environmental problems Central Asia. As result, mon...

PYD AS A DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESS 365 THE STUDY OF ADOLESCENCE WITHIN THE RELATIONAL DEVELOPMENTAL SYSTEM 366 APPROACHES TO PYD AS A DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESS 367 RICHARD M. LERNER, JACQUELINE V. LERNER, AND COLLEAGUES AND THE STUDY OF INDIVIDUAL ←→ CONTEXT RELATIONAL PROCESSES AND PYD 373 PYD AS A PHILOSOPHY OR APPROACH TO YOUTH PROGRAMMING 379 PYD AS INSTANCES OF YOUTH PROGRAMS AND ORGANIZATIONS 381...

El componente exportador más importante de la economía peruana lo constituyen las exportaciones tradicionales, dentro cuales destacan principalmente los productos mineros, petróleo y derivados, agrícolas pesqueros; por otro lado también se observa un crecimiento significativo no estas últimas nos permitirían alguna manera, dinamizar peruana, contribuyendo efectivamente a resolver problemas estr...

The focus of this paper is on the analysis market imperfections in French and U.K. wheat value chains. We used mark-up mark-down models stochastic frontier to estimate degree two completely different wheat-to-bread chains for stages/sectors—milling baking. Our results reveal some within input output markets both milling baking sectors France United Kingdom. However, abuse bargaining power espec...

We thank Scott Stern, Josh Lerner, and Erin Scott for thoughtful input on earlier drafts. Participants at the NBER National Press Club workshop in April 2013 offered insightful feedback. We draw inspiration from Tirole and Lerner (2002) for our title and approach to presenting the subject matter. We gratefully acknowledge funding support on our series of crowdfunding research projects from the ...

Adjusted for chance measures are widely used to compare partitions/clusterings of the same data set. In particular, the Adjusted Rand Index (ARI) based on pair-counting, and the Adjusted Mutual Information (AMI) based on Shannon information theory are very popular in the clustering community. Nonetheless it is an open problem as to what are the best application scenarios for each measure and gu...