The study and investigation of the credibility of reliable tradition due its many instances in the sources of Shiite hadith has a remarkable importance. In a general view the Shiite scholars can be divided into two groups. First, a group that admits the credibility of reliable hadith, which is divided further into those who give absolute credit to reliable tradition and those who acknowledge ...

testing plays a vital role in any language teaching program. it allows teachers and stakeholders, including program administrators, parents, admissions officers and prospective employers to be assured that the learners are progressing according to an accepted standard (douglas, 2010). the problems currently facing language testers have both practical and theoretical implications but the first i...

the main objective in sampling is to select a sample from a population in order to estimate some unknown population parameter, usually a total or a mean of some interesting variable. a simple way to take a sample of size n is to let all the possible samples have the same probability of being selected. this is called simple random sampling and then all units have the same probability of being ch...

cultural iran is a scope that is more extended than the political territories of iran as a political unit. this concept means that cultural geography(mehdi moghanlo-1383-1) of iran is greater than its political geography which, according to history, has a long history extending west-east from kandahar to the euphrates and north-south from the persian gulf to the caucasus including transoxiana a...

The traditions on the judgments of Ali, the Commander of the Faithful, peace be upon him, have been mentioned in many of the Shii and Sunni’s books. Aside from the argumentative jurisprudence works, authors have not analyzed and critiqued these traditions and have only gathered and transmitted them. The study of these traditions like other narrations and hadiths depends on understanding the sou...