[1] Under hydrostatic equilibrium, a typical assumption used in global thermosphere ionosphere models, the pressure gradient in the vertical direction is exactly balanced by the gravity force. Using the non-hydrostatic Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model (GITM), which solves the complete vertical momentum equation, the primary characteristics of non-hydrostatic effects on the upper atmosphere ...

The present generation of general circulation models (GCM) use parameterized cumulus schemes and run at hydrostatic grid resolutions. To improve the representation of cloud-scale moist processes and landeatmosphere interactions, a global, Multi-scale Modeling Framework (MMF) coupled to the Land Information System (LIS) has been developed at NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center. The MMFeLIS has thre...

The present generation of general circulation models (GCM) use parameterized cumulus schemes and run at hydrostatic grid resolutions. To improve the representation of cloud-scale moist processes and landeatmosphere interactions, a global, Multi-scale Modeling Framework (MMF) coupled to the Land Information System (LIS) has been developed at NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center. The MMFeLIS has thre...

A numerical simulation of the upper atmosphere Venus is carried out with an improved version Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL) full-physics General Circulation Model (GCM). This reveals organization atmospheric circulation at altitude above 80 km in unprecedented detail. Converging flow towards antisolar point results supersonic wind speeds and generates a shock-like feature past terminator ...

[1] The circulation of the stratosphere, and its influence on the trace constituent distribution, is an important component of the climate system, which must be included in simulations of global climate change. However, the ability to simulate a dominant stratospheric phenomenon, the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) in equatorial zonal wind, is an outstanding challenge in climate modeling. Alth...

To investigate the consequences of climate change on the water budget in small catchments, it is necessary to know the change of local precipitation and temperature. General Circulation Models (GCM) cannot provide regional climate parameters yet, because of their coarse resolution and imprecise modelling of precipitation. Therefore downscaling of precipitation and temperature has to be carried ...

A Bayesian methodology is used to assess the information content of categorical, probabilistic forecasts of specific variables derived from a general circulation model (GCM) forecast ensemble, and to combine a ‘‘prior’’ forecast (climatological probabilities of each category) with a categorical probabilistic forecast derived from a GCM ensemble to develop posterior, or ‘‘regularized’’ categoric...

[1] The secondary meridional circulation induced by convective momentum transport (CMT) within the ascending branch of the Hadley circulation is a missing dynamical mechanism that can cause common failure of general circulation models (GCMs) in simulating seasonal migration of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) precipitation maximum across the equator. This failure is manifested by the m...