We review the development of methodologies and technologies of empirical linguistic work done outside traditional academic laboratories. The integration of such results with contemporary language documentation and linguistic theory is an increasingly important component of language analysis. Taking linguistic inquiry out of the lab and away from well-described and familiar data brings challenge...

Recall response durations were used to clarify processing in working-memory tasks. Experiment 1 examined children's performance in reading span, a task in which sentences were processed and the final word of each sentence was retained for subsequent recall. Experiment 2 examined the development of listening-, counting-, and digit-span task performance. Responses were much longer in the reading-...

This paper examines three directions for the course of future research on speech errors: observational refinement (ways of improving how speech errors are collected and analyzed), experimentation (ways of testing hypotheses concerning the nature of speech errors), and theoretical integration (ways of improving and extending our theories). The paper also proposes a general theory of speech produ...

the ph.d. entrance examinations of islamic azad university in iran are administered annually to select the best applicants for ph.d. programs. in consideration of the important decisions, which are made on the basis of the results of these examinations, the present study was conducted to provide a qualitative evaluation of field-specific language subtests (flss) of four entrance examinations ad...

Most information retrieval systems based on linguistic approaches use symmetrically and uniformly distributed linguistic term sets to express the weights of queries and the relevance degrees of documents. However, to improve the system-user interaction it seems more adequate to express these linguistic weights and degrees by means of unbalanced linguistic scales, i.e., linguistic term sets with...