Old Dongola, with a history reaching back to the 5th century AD, was originally capital of Makuria, one three medieval Nubian kingdoms. After collapse its city saw migratory movements and political changes that resulted in emergence new power relations. In 16th 17th centuries, seat local ruler subordinate Funj Sultanate. New communities emerged this setting inhabited until colonial era. This pa...

in u.s. public opinion before the 11 september have defined terrorism is a unpresidented events in thire countries. but true is since two centuries ago until now, especially after secound world war, united states extremly has experienced domestic and foreign terrorist groups and their attacks. wathever it wasn’t as well as scale of the other west countries like spain, italy and britain has incu...

Abstract This chapter traces the relationship between the emergence of the current growth paradigm and the development of capitalism. It argues that economic growth is a fairly recent phenomenon which is inherently linked to the emergence of capitalism in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It argues that economic growth in capitalism is inevitable, since this economic system is oriented ...

This article wants to be a tribute from the Royal National Academy of Pharmacy all those who, with their eagerness discover and contribute benefit humanity, allowed that back in first decades 20th century, discovery one central molecules our body, insulin, took place. The contribution this hormone has life compatible lack endogenous production it. focuses on clarifying path led medical professi...

Despite its wide spread and high prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa, hepatitis B virus genotype E (HBV/E) has a surprisingly low genetic diversity, indicating an only recent emergence of this genotype in the general African population. Here, we performed extensive phylogeographic analyses, including Bayesian MCMC modeling. Our results indicate a mutation rate of 1.9 × 10(-4) substitutions per sit...

The origin of life is one the most fundamental questions humanity. It has been and still being addressed by a wide range researchers from different fields, with approaches ideas as to how it came about. What incomplete constrained information about environment conditions reigning on Hadean Earth, particularly inorganic ingredients available, stability longevity various environments suggested lo...

After introducing a perspective on terrorism as postpolitical and after establishing the criteria for success that are immanent in this form of antipolitical action, this essay interprets September 11, 2001, and its aftermath inside a cultural-sociological perspective. After introducing a macro-model of social performance that combines structural and semiotic with pragmatic and power-oriented d...