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I n t e r v e n t i o n Men were allocated to be invited (n = 33 839) or not invited (n = 33 961) for screening. The invited group received by mail an invitation on the family physician’s letterhead, an information booklet, and a questionnaire. Those accepting the invitation attended a clinic and had an ultrasonographic scan of the abdominal aorta. Scan results were sent to the family physician...

The Earth’s early environment was relatively poor in oxygen, and observations and modeling indicate that the rise in oxygen levels did not occur until long after oxygen-enriching bacterial photosynthesis had developed. Catling et al. (p. 839; see the Perspective by Kasting) explain the apparent disconnect between oxygenation and the start of photosynthesis by adding methanogenesis to the proces...

Several candidate-genes for Rheumatoid Arthritis are studied using multi-marker association scores based on 839 cases and 855 unrelated controls from the North American Rheumatoid Arthritis Consortium (NARAC) as part of the Genetic Analysis Workshop 15 data. Strong signals previously identified on PTPN22 and PADI4 were repeated in our findings. We also found significant association evidence tha...

An association between sustained breastfeeding and a decrease in postpartum depression has been identified. However, over half of US women cease earlier than desired. Our objective was to evaluate whether early cessation is associated with depressive symptoms identified mental health conditions. This retrospective cohort study included enrolled an outpatient collaborative care perinatal program...

We present an efficient and flexible method for computing likelihoods for phenotypic traits on a phylogeny. The method does not resort to Monte Carlo computation but instead blends Felsenstein's discrete character pruning algorithm with methods for numerical quadrature. It is not limited to Gaussian models and adapts readily to model uncertainty in the observed trait values. We demonstrate the ...