In rejecting Plessy v. Ferguson’s “separate but equal” doctrine in Brown Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court created a presumption that segregation equals discrimination. However, alongside this assertion, American space has become increasingly separate. A socio-legal analysis identifies three generations spatial United States and calls for recognizing fourth generation—separate, therefo...

Abstract In late antiquity, logic developed into what Ebbesen calls the LAS , Late Ancient Standard. This paper discusses Neoplatonic use of as informed by epistemological and metaphysical concerns. It demonstrates this through an analysis ancient debate about hypothetical categorical manifest in practice syllogizing Platonic dialogues. After introduction Middle Platonist view on syllogistic pr...

Price and quality are positively related in people's minds. Saying a product costs more ought to lead higher expectations of liking. Importantly, this price-quality heuristic is argued affect perceived liking—known as the marketing placebo effect. To investigate robustness effect, we conducted six studies (total N = 2842; with students from an international Dutch university US participants Prol...