Article Direct cholangioscopy has been possible since the 1970’s (1) but reliable intubation of the common bile duct (CBD) and second order ducts has limited the applicability of the technique. One of the limitations to accessing the ducts is the acute angulation between the duodenum and the CBD (2). Various methods have been employed to access the ducts including mother-and-baby endoscopes and...

CC This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. *Correspondence: Hee Man Kim, MD, PhD Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University...

To date very few studies with small sample size have compared peroral esophageal myotomy (POEM) with the current surgical standard of care, laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM), in terms of efficacy and safety, and no recommendations have been proposed.To investigate the efficacy and safety of POEM compared with LHM, for the treatment of achalasia.The databases of Pubmed, Medline, Cochrane, and Ov...