The repertoire of guidebooks to the Holy Land in Old Russian literary culture Muscovite Rus’ is significant and diverse. Its basis texts translated from Greek Polish. Using example translation a monument preserved handwritten lists 17th–18th centuries entitled “A Tale for Benefit Hearing Reading About City Jerusalem its Surrounding Places”, article discusses content narrative features Land. ana...

In this paper I investigate the “little divergence” in late medieval and early modern Europe, focusing on the long run response of real wages to demographic changes. Through a quantitative analysis of the 14th-18th centuries series of real wages and population shocks in fourteen European cities, I find that in the northwestern regions the urban real wages were detached from population before th...

the aim of this paper is to depict the psychological element in phenomenological analysis of the human subjectivity. this analysis should be considered within the philosophical context provided by philosophers of 18th and 19th centuries, and very specifically by kant as his transcendental philosophy was a turning point for later debates on the human subjectivity. in this paper, i will consider ...

The notion of ‘experimental [any science]’ is based, I think, on two philosophical premises: 1. Our (unaided) senses cannot give us a complete understanding of the world. Our senses are limited and even the impressions we do get from our senses can give us misleading information. Further, the processing that our brain gives to sense data can be defective. And the reasoning powers of the brain –...

Despite China's cultural impact on Japan, Japanese physicians used the medical knowledge they adopted from their great neighbor with surprising independence. Being more open to interactions with Westerners, even after the adoption of a semi-seclusion policy in 1639, Japan played a major role in the early transmission of knowledge of acupuncture and moxibustion to Europe. The first reports conce...

During the 17th and 18th centuries, measures were taken by the Venetian administration to combat plague on the Ionian Islands. At that time, although the scientific basis of plague was unknown, the Venetians recognized its infectious nature and successfully decreased its spread by implementing an information network. Additionally, by activating a system of inspection that involved establishing ...

he social exclusion and the fragility that the present economic situation bears is not a new phenomena in Europe. Forced by uncontrolled circumstances or as a result of individual or group choices, the non integration into society carries elements of disorder, insecurity and fear that go through all times and spaces. The trauma brought on by the Black Death, associated with the process of trans...

This paper aims to analyse the typology of medical-historical information provided by parish registers from Transylvania - a category of primary sources used mainly by historical demographers. The approach is descriptive and prospective in character: it creates a typology of the medical information to be found in the sources, while highlighting possible research directions and approaching a ser...

It was in 1791 that Wolfgang von Kempelen published the Mechanismus der menschlichen Sprache nebst der Beschreibung seiner sprechenden Maschine in Vienna, the last part of which is dedicated to the description of the speaking machine he had worked on for many years. In some parts of his book Kempelen refers to ideas he hadn’t been able to put into practice at that time and asks the readers to f...