In the following statement, gr denotes the category of free groups of finite rank, VecQ the category of Q-vector spaces, a : gr→ VecQ the composition of abelianisation and rationalisation (a(G) = Gab ⊗ Q) and Λ the j-th exterior power. As usual, Fr is a free group of rank r; gr-Mod is the category of functors from gr to VecQ. Theorem 1. Let F : gr → VecQ be a polynomial functor of degree d and ...

Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces a robust inflammatory response and the extravasation of leukocytes into the injured tissue. To further knowledge of the functions of neuroinflammation in SCI in mice, we depleted the early arriving neutrophils using an anti-Ly6G/Gr-1 antibody. Complete blood counts revealed that neutrophils increased approximately 3-fold over uninjured controls and peaked at 6-1...

RAP46 is a eukaryotic cochaperone that associates with several proteins, including the heat shock protein hsp70/hsc70 and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Here we show a downregulation of GR-mediated transactivation by RAP46 via a mechanism independent of a cytoplasmic action of this cochaperone. We demonstrate a specific cytoplasmic-nuclear recruitment of RAP46 by the liganded GR that results...

The therapeutic properties of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and ginseng extracts have been well documented. The objective of this study was to measure growth and survival of L. rhamnosus GR-1 in milk fortified with ginseng extracts during storage period of 28 days. Five formulations of milk (1% fat) were prepared. Two samples were fortified with alcoholic ginseng extract (AGE: 150 μg/mL, AGE: 50...

Japanese Black cattle occasionally demonstrate growth retardation despite sufficient nutrient intake. To clarify hormonal and transcriptional characteristics, we investigated differences in blood components, including hormones, and differences in exhaustive gene expressions in the liver and peripheral lymphocytes of six cattle with growth retardation (GR cattle) and eight control cattle of the ...

Transcriptional regulation by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is essential for survival. Since the GR can influence transcription both through DNA-binding-dependent and -independent mechanisms, we attempted to assess their relative importance in vivo. In order to separate these modes of action, we introduced the point mutation A458T into the GR by gene targeting using the Cre/loxP system. This...

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is phosphorylated at multiple sites within its N terminus (S203, S211, S226), yet the role of phosphorylation in receptor function is not understood. Using a range of agonists and GR phosphorylation site-specific antibodies, we demonstrated that GR transcriptional activation is greatest when the relative phosphorylation of S211 exceeds that of S226. Consistent w...

In the nervous system, glucocorticoids can exert beneficial or noxious effects, depending on their concentration and the duration of hormonal stimulation. They exert their effects on neuronal and glial cells by means of their cognate receptor, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which recruits the p160 coactivator family members SRC-1 (steroid receptor coactivator 1), SRC-2, and SRC-3 after hormo...

PURPOSE To determine the mechanism that leads to the UVA light-dependent loss of glutathione reductase (GR) activity in human lens (HL). METHODS Both the HL water-soluble (WS) fraction and yeast GR were irradiated with UVA light (200 mW/(cm(2). h) for 1 hour at +20 degrees C, and the specific activity (SA) was observed. GR apoenzyme (apo-GR) was prepared from either HL-WS fractions or yeast G...

BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids are the key regulators of the biological stress response and act by binding to glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Expression of GR is altered by DNA methylation. Methylation patterns in GR promoters have been shown to be highly variable between individuals, but little is known about the functional consequences of this variation for the acute stress response. The present s...