Green jungle fowl (Gallus varius) is a species of endemic Indonesia. This study aims to find out the anatomical and histomorphologIcal esophagus proventriculus green from Alor island. Samples were taken 3 collected in Regency. Macroscopic observations include size, location, shape, color consistency, then sample fixated 10% formalin made histology preparations as well haemotoxilin-eosin stainin...

OBJECTIVE To study the effect of analgesia caused by a local anesthetic agent (Lidocaine) in morphine dependent and independent rats. METHODS We carried out this experimental study in the Neuroscience Research Center of Kerman Medical University, Iran in 2003. We evaluated 2 groups of morphine dependent and independent rats. Morphine dependency was induced orally, and formalin was used as a n...

The present study investigated the effects of intra-dentate gyrus microinjection of naloxone (an opioid antagonist) and thioperamide (an antagonist of histamine H3 receptors) in the formalin test in rats. Subcutaneous injection of formalin (50 μl, 2.5 %) in the ventral surface of right hind paw produced a biphasic pattern (first phase: 0-5 min and second phase: 15 - 60 min) of licking/biting an...

BACKGROUND Rhodiola rosea (golden root) is a unique phytoadaptagen with immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity. AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the alcohol/water extract of Rhodiola rosea roots in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty male Wistar rats were used in the study. They were divided ...

Introduction: Some evidence demonstrates endogenous inhibitory pathways of pain involved in the interphase (phase between early and later phase) of the formalin test. We previously showed that swimming stress modulates the pain-related behaviors during the interphase of the formalin test. In this study, we evaluated the role of the endogenous opioid system in modulating nociceptive responses of...

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Objective(s): There are many reports about the role of rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) in modulating stress-induced analgesia (SIA). In the previous study we demonstrated that temporal inactivation of RVM by lidocaine potentiated stress-induced analgesia. In this study, we investigated the effect of permanent lesion of the RVM on SIA by using formalin test as a model of acute inflammatory pa...