Although functional diversity in polyubiquitin chain signaling has been ascribed to the ability of differently linked chains to bind in a distinctive manner to effector proteins, structural models of such interactions have been lacking. Here, we use NMR to unveil the structural basis of selective recognition of Lys48-linked di- and tetraubiquitin chains by the UBA2 domain of hHR23A. Although th...

An exposure assessment is conducted for psychrotrophic and mesophilic Bacillus cereus in a cooked chilled vegetable product. A model is constructed that covers the retail and consumer phase of the food pathway, using the output of a similar model on the industrial process as input. Microbial growth is the predominant process in the model. Variability in time and temperature during transport and...

FAT10 is the only ubiquitin-like modifier that can target proteins for degradation by the proteasome in a ubiquitin-independent manner. The degradation of FAT10-linked proteins by the proteasome is strongly accelerated by the ubiquitin-like-ubiquitin-associated protein NEDD8 ultimate buster-1 long (NUB1L). Here we show how FAT10 and NUB1L dock with the 26S proteasome to initiate proteolysis. We...

Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like (Ubl) protein modifications affect protein stability, activity, and localization, but we still lack broad understanding of the functions of Ubl modifications. We have profiled the protein targets of ubiquitin and six additional Ubls in mitosis using a functional assay that utilizes active mammalian cell extracts and protein microarrays and identified 1,500 potential...

To identify gene expression abnormalities in schizophrenia (SZ), we generated whole-genome gene expression profiles using microarrays on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 18 early-onset SZ cases and 12 controls. We detected 84 transcripts differentially expressed by diagnostic status, with 82 genes being upregulated and 2 downregulated. We identified two SZ associated gene coexpre...