Background: Mesenchymal stem cell therapy has been used in multiple sclerosis (MS) in order to modulate the course of the disease in previous studies. One of the major concerns in such cases is long term safety or efficacy of this type of therapy. Objectives: This study was conducted to report the clinical status of five patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis and one patient wit...

In individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) may be employed to assess the integrity of corticospinal system and provides a potential surrogate biomarker of disability. The purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive examination of the relationship between multiple measures corticospinal excitability and clinical disability in MS (expanded disabi...

BACKGROUND The Patient Determined Disease Steps (PDDS) is a promising patient-reported outcome (PRO) of disability in multiple sclerosis (MS). To date, there is limited evidence regarding the validity of PDDS scores, despite its sound conceptual development and broad inclusion in MS research. This study examined the validity of the PDDS based on (1) the association with Expanded Disability Stat...

There is increasing demand from stakeholders for tools to support outcome-based 12 approaches in environmental management. For such tools to be useful, understanding user 13 requirements is key. In Scotland, UK, stakeholders were engaged in the development of an 14 Environmental Decision Support System (EDSS) to support the management of land and 15 freshwater resources for multiple policy outc...

OBJECTIVES Dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has frequently been reported in multiple sclerosis (MS). So far, HPA axis function in MS has predominantly been studied under pharmacological stimulation which is associated with a series of methodological caveats. Knowledge of circadian cortisol patterns and cortisol awakening response (CAR) is still limited. METHODS A...

OBJECTIVE Our objective was to estimate the effectiveness of disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) in delaying multiple sclerosis (MS) disability progression in relapsing-onset (R-onset) definite MS patients under "real-world" conditions. METHODS Treatment effect size, for DMDs as a class, was estimated in absolute terms and relative to MS natural history. A basic model estimated annual Expanded Dis...

OBJECTIVE To assess axonal damage and its contribution to disability at different stages of multiple sclerosis (MS). BACKGROUND Recent in vivo imaging and in situ pathologic studies have demonstrated that substantial axonal damage accompanies the inflammatory lesions of MS. However, the relation of axonal damage to the duration of MS and its contribution to disability at different stages of t...

BACKGROUND Sensory and motor dysfunction in multiple sclerosis (MS) is often assessed with rating scales which rely heavily on clinical judgment. Quantitative devices may be more precise than rating scales. OBJECTIVE To quantify lower extremity sensorimotor measures in individuals with MS, evaluate the extent to which they can detect functional systems impairments, and determine their relatio...

Background: Public health measures during the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in many multiple sclerosis (MS) patients being assessed virtually. Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores, which are routinely obtained MS consults, cannot be reliably calculated virtual assessments. The Patient Determined Disease Steps (PDDS) is a validated patient-reported outcome measure of disability MS. This s...