[1] Land climate is important for human population since it affects inhabited areas. Here we evaluate the realism of simulated evapotranspiration (ET), precipitation, and temperature in the CMIP5 multimodel ensemble on continental areas. For ET, a newly compiled synthesis data set prepared within the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment-sponsored LandFlux-EVAL project is used. The results r...

هدف: سطوح بالای همیاری در جوامعی شکل می­ گیرد که آن افرادی از هنجارهای خاصی تخطی کنند، با رفتار تنبیهی دیگران مواجه شوند. هدف مطالعه حاضر تفکیک انواع واکنش افراد به پیشهادهای ناعادلانه و بررسی مولفه­ های الکتروفیزیولوژیک آنان بود. روش: 40 نفر جنسیت مذکر دانشجویان دانشگاه شهید بهشتی طریق نمونه گیری دسترس این شرکت کردند آنها اصلاح­ شده بازی ­های دیکتاتور اولتیماتوم مورد سنجش ارزیابی قرار گرفت. یا...

The study evaluated the ability of 11 global climate models latest two versions Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5 and CMIP6) to simulate observed (1965–2005) rainfall, maximum (Tmax) minimum (Tmin) temperatures, mean eastward (uas) northward (vas) wind speed, surface pressure. It also relative uncertainty in projections variables using those CMIPs. European reanalysis (ERA5) data wer...

This study describes how coupled climate models participating in the sixth phase of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) simulate primary drivers that affect Australian climate, and their seasonal relationship to rainfall, namely El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) Southern Annular Mode (SAM). As results from earlier generation (CMIP5) are still use, CMIP6 mu...

با توجه به رشد بالای جمعیت در جهان و نیاز اطمینان از امنیت غذایی، افزایش تولید واحد سطح محصولات زراعی به‌منزلة راهبردی اساسی حل مسئلة تأمین غذا به‌شمار می‌رود. سوی دیگر، وجود محدودیت زیرکشت پایین‌بودن میانگین عملکرد برخی کشاورزی مانند گندم کشور، محصول می‌تواند راهکاری عملی پاسخ کشور محسوب شود. یکی مهم‌ترین بیماری‌های فوزاریوم است که، نقش پیش‌بینی این بیماری جلوگیری کاهش بهره‌وری محصول، مدل‌هایی...

Analysis of model output from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) reveals that, in the zonal mean, the near-term projections of summertime changes of precipitation in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) subtropics are very widely scattered among the models. As a consequence, over the next 50 years, the CMIP5 multimodel mean projects no statistically significant trends in the S...

Observational analyses of running 5 year ocean heat content trends (Ht) and net downward top of atmosphere radiation (N) are significantly correlated (r ∼ 0.6) from 1960 to 1999, but a spike in Ht in the early 2000s is likely spurious since it is inconsistent with estimates of N from both satellite observations and climate model simulations. Variations in N between 1960 and 2000 were dominated ...

[1] Previous generations of climate models have been shown to under-estimate the occurrence of tropical low-level clouds and to over-estimate their radiative effects. This study analyzes outputs frommultiple climate models participating in the Fifth phase of the CoupledModel Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) using the Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project Observations Simulator Package (CO...

6 The collection of Earth System Models available in the CMIP5 archive represents, at least to 7 some degree, a sample of uncertainty of future climate evolution. The presence of duplicated 8 code as well as shared forcing and validation data in the multiple models in the archive 9 raises at least three potential problems; biases in the mean and variance, the overestimation 10 of sample size an...