Abstract As the minimum feature size of integrated circuit elements has shrunk below 7 nm, chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) technology grown by leaps and bounds over past several decades. There been a growing interest in understanding fundamental science CMP, which continued to lag behind advances technology. This review paper provides comprehensive overview various phenomena such as con...

We investigate the complexity of Boolean clone membership problem (CMP): given a set functions $F$ and function $f$, determine if $f$ is in generated by $F$, i.e., it can be expressed circuit with $F$-gates. Here, elements are as circuits or formulas over usual De Morgan basis. B\"ohler Schnoor (2007) proved that for any fixed coNP-complete, few exceptions where P. Vollmer (2009) incorrectly cl...

OBJECTIVE Anthracyclines are potent antineoplastic agents in the treatment of lymphoid malignancies, but their therapeutic benefit is limited by cardiotoxicity. The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends routine surveillance, early diagnosis and treatment of anthracycline-based chemotherapy (AC) induced cardiomyopathy (AC-CMP). We aimed to assess the prevalence of AC-CMP in patients with l...

Gonococci possessing certain opacity-associated (Opa) outer membrane proteins adhere to and are phagocytosed by human neutrophils in the absence of serum. Recently, it has been shown that serum-sensitive strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae possessing the appropriate lipooligosaccharide phenotype become serum resistant when grown in the presence of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-NANA) because of ...

BACKGROUND Cardiac amyloidosis is characterized by amyloid infiltration resulting in extracellular matrix disruption. Amyloid cardiomyopathy due to immunoglobulin light chain protein (AL-CMP) deposition has an accelerated clinical course and a worse prognosis compared with non-light chain cardiac amyloidoses (ie, forms associated with wild-type or mutated transthyretin [TTR]). We therefore test...

Sialyltransferases catalyze reactions that transfer a sialic acid from CMP-sialic acid to an acceptor (a structure terminated with galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, or sialic acid). They are key enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of sialic acid-containing oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and glycoconjugates that play pivotal roles in many critical physiological and pathological processes. Th...

BACKGROUND High concentrations of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) have been identified in the cervical mucus plug (CMP) at term of pregnancy. Their physiological and pathophysiological implications, however, remain to be elucidated, and CMPs from preterm labor have never been examined. This study was therefore conducted to describe the concen...

4H silicon carbide (4H-SiC) holds great promise for high-power and high-frequency electronics, in which high-quality 4H-SiC wafers with both global local planarization are cornerstones. Chemical–mechanical polishing (CMP) is the key processing technology of wafers. Enhancing performance CMP critical to improving surface quality reducing cost In this review, superior properties introduced. The d...

We report on the development of a chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) process for thick damascene Ta structures with pattern feature sizes down to 100 nm. This CMP is core fabrication sequence scalable superconducting integrated circuits at 300 mm wafer scale. work has established elements various CMP-related design rules that can be followed by designer layout include Ta-based coplanar wav...