Particle-in-cell methods have been widely throughout plasma physics over 50 years. However, there is confusion about the mathematical model used for particle-in-cell (PIC) codes and whether PIC converges or not. Our hypothesis is Klimontovich equation with finite-size particle is the model described by PIC codes. We perform numerical study to compare PIC codes and gridless codes to solve these ...

We consider the design of iterative multiuser detectors based on the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm and Parallel Interference Cancellation (PIC) for spacetime block coded (STBC) WCDMA employing 16-QAM in multipath fading channels. We show that the EM-based and PIC receivers improve the receiver performance particularly when two receive antennas are employed. We see that EM receiver sho...

1D-3V PIC Simulations (XPDP1) XPDP1, a 1D-3V PIC-MCC code (Verboncoeur et al., 1993), was used to simulate current-driven DC discharges. • leap-frog integration used for particle motion (2nd order accurate) • linear weighting of particles and fields used • 2nd-order finite difference solution of Poisson’s equation with 2nd-order center difference and boundary conditions to obtain the electric f...

The mitochondrial phosphate carrier (PiC) is a member of the family of inner-membrane carrier proteins which are generally synthesized without a cleavable presequence. Surprisingly, the cDNA sequences of bovine and rat PiC suggested the existence of an amino-terminal extension sequence in the precursor of PiC. By expressing PiC in vitro, we found that PiC is indeed synthesized as a larger precu...

The central hub of the cortical vestibular network in humans is likely localized in the region of posterior lateral sulcus. An area characterized by responsiveness to visual motion has previously been described at a similar location and named posterior insular cortex (PIC). Currently it is not known whether PIC processes vestibular information as well. We localized PIC using visual motion stimu...

We study a special case of a structured mixed integer programming model that arises in production planning. For the most general case of the model, called PI, we have earlier identified three families of facet–defining valid inequalities: (l, S) inequalities (introduced for the uncapacitated lot–sizing problem by Barany, Van Roy, and Wolsey), cover inequalities, and reverse cover inequalities. ...

We have identified and characterized a secreted protein, designated Pic, which is encoded on the chromosomes of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) 042 and Shigella flexneri 2457T. The product of the pic gene is synthesized as a 146.5-kDa precursor molecule which is processed at the N and C termini during secretion, allowing the release of a mature protein (109.8 kDa) into the culture sup...

In this letter, adaptive multi-stage parallel interference cancellation (PIC) receiver is considered for multi-rate DS-CDMA system. In each stage of the adaptive multi-stage PIC receiver, multiple access interference (MAI) estimates are obtained by the sub-bit estimates from the previous stage and the adaptive weights for the sub-bit estimates. The adaptive weights are obtained by minimizing th...

Persistent inward current (PIC) plays an important role in setting the input-output gain of motoneurons. In humans, these currents are estimated by calculating the difference between synaptic input at motor unit recruitment and derecruitment (ΔF) derived from paired motor unit recordings. The primary objective of this study was to use the relationship between reciprocal inhibition (RI) and PIC ...