OBJECTIVE Toll-like receptors (TLR) recognizing endogenous and exogenous danger signals could play a role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our aim was to describe the presence, localization, and extent of expression of TLR and their adapters. METHODS TLR 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 9 receptors, and myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88, Toll/interleukin receptor (TIR) domain-containing a...

Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) produced by gram-negative bacteria initiates a host of pro-inflammatory effects through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4). We reported previously that LPS enhances microvascular thrombosis in cremaster venules of wild-type mice, but had no effect in mice deficient in TLR-4. Since TLR-4 is expressed on various cell types, the cellular origin of TLR-4 responsible fo...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the gene expression of Toll-Like (TLR-2 and TLR-4) receptors and cytokine profile in postmenopausal women with or without metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 311 Brazilian women (age≥45 years and amenorrhea≥12 months) were included. Women showing three or more of the following diagnostic criteria were diagnosed as positive for MetS: waist ci...

Toll-like receptor (TLR) engagement by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) is an important mechanism for optimal cellular immune responses. APC TLR engagement indirectly enhances activated CD4(+) T cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival by promoting the up-regulation of costimulatory molecules and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. However, TLRs are also expressed...

TLR sense microbial infections, and control activation of immune responses. Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes express TLR and the TLR-signaling adaptor protein MyD88. The impact of TLR-activated B cells on T cell-mediated inflammation is unknown. In this study, we have used mice carrying B cell-restricted deficiencies in MyD88 or in distinct TLR to examine the impact of TLR-activa...

To report outcomes following endovascular revascularisation for severe aorto-iliac occlusive disease (AIOD) using covered (CS) or bare metal (BMS) stent(s). This was a retrospective cohort study including patients who underwent treatment with CS BMS AIOD between November 2012 and March 2020 in 12 European centres. Outcome measures included death, freedom from target lesion (TLR), major amputati...

Abstract Background Multiple stenting in the chronic total occlusion (CTO) lesions is frequently required, however associated with poorer clinical outcomes. It demonstrated that intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-guided CTO-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) related to a lower risk of adverse events. Purpose We aimed evaluate impact stent optimization under IVUS guidance for multiple stentin...

Chicken spleen Transfer Factor (TF) is a low-molecular-weight lymphocyte extract composed of polypeptide and nucleotide. However, its role in regulating intestinal structure function laying hens has remained largely unknown. 100 one-day-old were randomly divided into five groups administered with different doses TF (0.00 [control], 0.05mL, 0.10mL, 0.25mL 1.00mL). The results showed that the hig...

OBJECTIVES Toll-like receptors (TLRs) detect microbial infections and they can directly induce innate host defense responses. TLR 2 has been shown to be primarily involved in the recognition of peptidoglycans and lipoteichoic acid of gram positive bacteria. TLR 4 recognizes lipopolysaccharides and lipoteichoic acids from both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Both mutations lead a reduc...

Systemic lupus erythematosus is characterized by dysregulated activation of T and B cells and autoantibodies to nuclear antigens and, in some cases, lipid antigens. Liposomes with nonbilayer phospholipid arrangements induce a disease resembling human lupus in mice, including IgM and IgG antibodies against nonbilayer phospholipid arrangements. As the effect of these liposomes on the innate immun...