The issue of language barriers is particularly critical during intercultural service encounters for ESL (English as a Second Language) customers. Customers may struggle to communicate what they want or even get necessary information regarding products or services. Through a qualitative study, based on a grounded theory approach, this study identifies issues that concern ESL customers in intercu...

This paper introduces the freely available WikEd Error Corpus. We describe the data mining process from Wikipedia revision histories, corpus content and format. The corpus consists of more than 12 million sentences with a total of 14 million edits of various types. As one possible application, we show that WikEd can be successfully adapted to improve a strong baseline in a task of grammatical e...

This research sought to determine why people chose to invest in Earth Sanctuaries Limited (ESL), which conserves ecosystems and breeds endangered species as its corporate mission, an unequivocally ethical objective. Investors were surveyed to assess the relative importance of financial versus ecological considerations. Demographic and investor behavior attributes o f ESL shareholders were compa...

ESL educators find themselves teaching a diverse group of students in today’s classroom. This study investigated how ESL instructors address diversity in their teaching. The literature review revealed research on the experiences of teachers using culturally responsive teaching strategies. Using qualitative research methods, this study explores the participants’ subjective teaching experiences i...

This paper presents a procedure for constructing an Event Structure Lexicon (ESL), a resource which represents the lexically-entailed subevents in text as a support for textual inference tasks. The ESL is used as a resource for a subevent markup algorithm, called SUBEVITA, which annotates event implicatures on top of TimeML-based extraction algorithms. Such a resource can be used independently ...

For a number of underdeveloped regions, English as a Second Language (ESL) is a critical enabler for improving access to education, knowledge, economic opportunities, social status and computer literacy. Existing educational institutions such as schools, however, have not always effectively addressed this demand for ESL. Based on three field studies among children from the urban slums and rural...

Soy-leaf extracts exert their cardioprotective effects by inducing endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the arteries, and they favorably modulate the serum lipid profile. In this study, we investigated the atheroprotective effects of an ethanol extract of soy leaf (ESL) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and high-cholesterol diet (HCD)-fed low-density lipoprotein receptor defic...

Very preterm (VP, ≤30 wk gestational age) infants are at risk for impaired lung function, which significantly limits their ability to eat. A semielevated side-lying (ESL) position is a feeding strategy that may improve oral feeding by supporting breathing during feeding. The study evaluated the efficacy of the ESL position compared with the semielevated supine (ESU) position on physiological st...

Eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL) is a once daily antiepileptic drug (AED) approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Health Canada as an adjunctive therapy in adults with partial-onset seizures (POS). In humans and in relevant animal laboratory species, ESL undergoes extensive first pass hydrolysis to its major active metabolite eslicarbazepine that...

This article discusses four issues central to instructors’ conceptualisations of curricula for ESL writing instruction, citing findings from interviews with 48 highly skilled instructors of ESL writing in settlement and university programs in countries where English is the dominant language (Australia, Canada, New Zealand) or where English is an international language (Hong Kong, Japan, and Tha...