The article aims to shed light on the topic of vaccine diplomacy and role IPR trademarks in crisis. research design is explanatory. data collection methods analysis have been discussed. quantitative has shown that “regression model” was insignificant as higher prices vaccines allowed countries enjoy profit imposition IPRs forces poor buy from “developed countries”. qualitative tends show create...

Economic theory highlights the critical importance of excludability in encouraging private research and development in the agri-food sector. Without it, private research will languish and social welfare could suffer. Since 1970 governments around the world have recognized this and strengthened the legal protections for biotechnology processes and products (e.g. patents, plant breeders’ rights a...

Visualmotion, acritical cue in communication, canbemanipulated and studiedusing videoplaybackmethods.A primary concern for the video playback researcher is the degree towhich objects presented on video appear natural to the non-human subject. Here we argue that the quality of motion cues on video, as determined by the video’s image presentation rate (IPR), are of particular importance in determ...

International policies toward protecting intellectual property rights (IPRs) have seen profound changes over the past two decades. Rules on how to protect patents, copyrights, trademarks, and other forms of IPRs have become a standard component of international trade agreements. Most significantly, during the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations (1986–94), members of what is today t...

India’s patent reforms represent a shift in India’s policy from one of enormous opposition to revising patent laws according to the WTO, to one of compliance with many aspects of TRIPs (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights) Agreement. Industry and civil society had a strong interest in blocking reforms on IPRs (Intellectual Property Rights), and initially played an important role in preve...

Injector-producer relationships (IPRs) are the key knowledge for oilfield optimization, i.e., maximizing oil production at the minimum operational cost. The difficulty associated with the field optimization is that the underlying reservoir structure is unknown and changes continuously over time. Inferring IPRs is a large-scale constrained nonlinear parameter estimation problem. The state-of-the...

Visualmotion, acritical cue in communication, canbemanipulated and studiedusing videoplaybackmethods.A primary concern for the video playback researcher is the degree towhich objects presented on video appear natural to the non-human subject. Here we argue that the quality of motion cues on video, as determined by the video’s image presentation rate (IPR), are of particular importance in determ...