Cysteine proteinases are involved in various physiological and developmental processes in plants. Two cDNAs from senescent and non-senescent tobacco leaves were isolated with degenerate primers designed from conserved regions of plant senescence-associated cysteine proteinases using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Both sequences encode papain-like cysteine proteinases: the 833 bp fragm...

Transmembrane receptor clustering is a ubiquitous phenomenon in pro- and eukaryotic cells to physically sense receptor/ligand interactions and subsequently translate an exogenous signal into a cellular response. Despite that receptor cluster formation has been described for a wide variety of receptors, ranging from chemotactic receptors in bacteria to growth factor and neurotransmitter receptor...

پیوند اعضا از ارکان مهم سیستم‌‌های سلامت است و به درمان بسیاری بیماری‌‌های صعب‌العلاج کمک شایانی کرده است. روزانه 7 تا 10 نفر بیماران نیازمند در ایران علت نرسیدن به‌موقع عضو پیوندی دنیا می‌­روند. با توجه بحرانی­‌بودن زنجیره برای سلامتی انسان، مدیریت برنامه‌ریزی این اهمیت فراوانی برخوردار انتقال بیمار یک بیمارستان محل تأثیر ثانیه‌‌ها بر کیفیت مورد­انتقال موفقیت پیوند، بسیار حائز پژوهش، مدلی ریاض...

Core components of the secretory pathway have largely been identified and studied in single cell systems such as the budding yeast S. cerevisiae or in mammalian tissue culture. These studies provide details on the molecular functions of the secretory machinery; they fail, however, to provide insight into the role of these proteins in the context of specialized organs of higher eukaryotes. Here,...

Delivery of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) to mucosal surfaces as a passive immunotherapy agent is a promising strategy to prevent infectious diseases. Recombinant sIgA production in plants requires the co-expression of four transcriptional units encoding the light chain (LC), heavy chain (HC), joining chain (JC) and secretory component (SC). As a way to optimize sIgA production in plants, w...

To explore how far into the Golgi stack the capacity to retrieve KDEL proteins extends, we have introduced an exogenous probe (the peptide YHPNSTCSEKDEL) into the TGN of living cells. For this purpose, a CHO cell line expressing a c-myc-tagged version of the transmembrane protein TGN38--which cycles between the TGN and the cell surface--was generated. The cells internalized peptides that were d...

Cellular immune responses play a critical role in the eradication of intracellular infections and malignant cells through the recognition and subsequent removal of the infection or malignant cells. Effective antigen presentation is crucial for stimulating the immune system against malignant cells. Calreticulin (CRT) has been used to improve antigen presentation. However, CRT overexpression has ...

Production of antimicrobial peptides in plants constitutes an approach for obtaining them in high amounts. However, their heterologous expression in a practical and efficient manner demands some structural requirements such as a minimum size, the incorporation of retention signals to assure their accumulation in specific tissues, and the presence of protease cleavage amino acids and of target s...

BACKGROUND Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) is a multifunctional molecule which is closely related to cell growth, apoptosis, angiogenesis, metabolism and senescence. It combines with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) to form a complex (IGF-I/IGFBP-3) that can treat growth hormone insensitivity syndrome (GHIS) and reduce insulin requirement in patients with diabetes. IG...

any proteins retained within the endo/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) lumen express the COOHterminal tetrapeptide KDEL, by which they continuously recycle from the Golgi complex; however, others do not express the KDEL retrieval signal. Among the latter is calsequestrin (CSQ), the major Ca 2 -binding protein condensed within both the terminal cisternae of striated muscle SR and the ER vacuolar d...