A new method to synthesise long-chain and functionalised methylphosphonate esters and the corresponding ionic liquids is reported. The synthesis comprises the formation of dialkyl methylphosphonate esters in a S(N)2 reaction followed by the use of these esters as alkylating agents to form the corresponding, new alkyl methylphosphonate ILs.

Enol esters of 2-substituted-3-oxoalkanoates of (Z)-configuration were reduced by bakers' yeast to chiral 2-substituted-3-hydroxyalkanoates. The sy/f-selectivities of this reaction increased compared with those of the reduction of the corresponding racemic keto esters. The reaction mayproceed via an asymmetric hydrolysis of the enol esters, followed by the reduction of the resulting carbonyl gr...

The abuse of synthetic esters of natural steroids such as testosterone and estradiol in cattle fattening and sports is hard to detect via routine urine testing. The esters are rapidly hydrolysed in vivo into substances which are also endogenously present in urine. An interesting alternative can be provided by the analysis of the administered synthetic steroids themselves, i.e., the analysis of ...

Antioxidant properties of mono- and dihydroxyphenolic acids and their alkyl esters were examined, with emphasis on the relationship between their molecular structure and antioxidant activity. Test media with different tocopherol level were used for determining the oxidative stability: original refined sunflower oil (total tocopherols 149.0 mg/kg), partially tocopherol-stripped sunflower oil (to...

Esters of proteinogenic amino acids efficiently catalyse the formation of erythrose and threose under aqueous conditions in the highest yields and enantioselectivities yet reported. Remarkably while esters of (L)-proline yield (L)-carbohydrates, esters of (L)-leucine and (L)-alanine generate (D)-carbohydrates, offering the potential to account for the prebiotic link between natural (L)-amino ac...

Tumor-promoting phorbol esters stimulated mouse bone marrow cells to form myeloid colonies in agar cultures without added colony-stimulating factors. The colony-stimulating ability of various phorbol esters correlated well with their ability to promote skin tumors in vivo. These results suggest that phorbol esters mimic the action of specific colony-stimulating factors that regulate growth.

Coupling reactions between benzylamines and boronic esters have been investigated. ortho-Lithiated benzylamines react with boronic esters and a N-activator to afford ortho-substituted benzylic boronic esters with formal 1,1'-benzylidene insertion into the C-B bond. The reaction occurs by a SN2' elimination and 1,2-metalate rearrangement of the N-activated boronate complex to afford a dearomatiz...

Mannich-type reactions of O-Boc glycolic esters across chiral N-sulfinyl-α-chloroaldimines resulted in the efficient and syn-stereoselective synthesis of new γ-chloro-α-hydroxy-β-amino esters (dr > 99 : 1). The α-coordinating ability of the chlorine atom was of great importance for the diastereoselectivity of the Mannich-type reaction and overruled the chelation of the sulfinyl oxygen with the ...

A new method is described for the isolation of nearly pure total cerebrosides from fresh brain. Florisil columns are used to separate the cerebroside hydroxy and normal acids, in the form of their esters, and to separate the saturated and unsaturated esters of each group. The esters within each class are determined by gas chromatography, the hydroxy esters being run as the methyl ethers. Yields...

The ATP-dependent potassium (KATP) channel in the pancreatic beta-cell is a complex of two proteins, the pore-forming Kir6.2 and the sulfonylurea receptor type 1 (SUR1). Both subunits are required for functional KATP channels because expression of Kir6.2 alone does not result in measurable currents. However, truncation of the last 26 or 36 amino acids of the C terminus of Kir6.2 enables functio...