Oridonin was extracted and purified from Rabdosia rubescens its protective effect on intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-induced brain injury in rats investigated. The were divided into sham, model, low-dose oridonin, middle-dose oridonin high-dose groups. ICH-induced model established latter four After modeling, the low-, middle- groups treated with 10, 20, 40 mg/kg at 2h 24 h after respectively. R...

Recent evidence shows that evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in Toll pathways (ECSIT) interacts with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), is ubiquitinated, and contributes to bactericidal activity during Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Here we report a new regulatory role for ECSIT in TLR4 signaling. On TLR4 stimulation, endogenous ECSIT formed a molecul...

Abstract Interactions between pattern-recognition receptors shape innate immune responses to pathogens. NOD1 and TLR4 are synergistically interacting playing a pivotal role in the recognition of Gram-negative bacteria. However, mechanisms their cooperation poorly understood. It is unclear whether synergy produced at level signaling pathways downstream or more distal levels such as gene transcri...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Calcific aortic stenosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, and aortic valve interstitial cells (AVIC) play an important role in valvular inflammation. Whereas AVIC from stenotic aortic valves exhibit an augmented response to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) stimulation, the underlying mechanism is unclear. This study tested the hypothesis that an excessive cross-talk between ...

Emerging evidence suggests that TLR (Toll-like receptor) 4 and downstream pathways [MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) and NF-κB (nuclear factor κB)] play an important role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. LPS (lipopolysaccharide) and saturated NEFA (non-esterified fatty acids) activate TLR4, and plasma concentrations of these TLR4 ligands are elevated in obesity and Type 2 dia...

High mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) has been reported to serve important roles in various pathological conditions. Toll‑like receptor 4 (TLR4), as one of the HMGB1 receptors, has been reported to be involved in the development of certain inflammatory diseases by activating nuclear factor NF‑κ‑B (NF‑κB). However, there are few studies investigating the effects of HMGB1, TLR4 and NF‑κB on huma...

Mutations in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene contribute to motoneuron degeneration and are evident in 20% of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases. Mutant SOD1 induces microglial activation through a stimulation of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and TLR4). In the present study, we identified the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family protein Bid as a positive regulator of mutant SOD1-induce...

Oxidative stress and transcriptional pathways of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) are critically involved in the etiopathology of amebic liver abscess (ALA). In this work, we studied the relationship between the adrenergic nervous system and ALA in the hamster. ALA was visible at 12 h of infection. While 6-hydroxidopamine (6-OHDA) decreased i...

Minocycline has been demonstrated to exert neuroprotective effects in various experimental models. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of minocycline on cell injury induced by the inhalation of the anesthetic, sevoflurane. In our in vivo experiments using rats, minocycline attenuated sevoflurane-induced neuronal degeneration and apoptosis in th...

Trianthema portulacastrum, a medicinal and dietary plant, has gained substantial importance due to its various pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic activities. We have recently reported that a characterized T. portulacastrum extract (TPE) affords a considerable chemoprevention of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary tumorigenesis thou...