Vygotskij’s educational concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) calls for an adaptation of learning activities to the present state of learner’s knowledge and abilities. At the same time, Vygotskij’s educational model includes a strong bent towards social and collaborative learning. In practice, a tight integration between personalized and collaborative learning is called for. Along t...

The structure of curriculum plays a vital role in our learning process, both as children and adults. Presenting material in ascending order of difficulty that also exploits prior knowledge can have a significant impact on the rate of learning. However, the notion of difficulty and prior knowledge differs from person to person. Motivated by the need for a personalised curriculum, we present a no...

The avian perivitelline layer (PL), a vestment homologous to the zona pellucida (ZP) of mammalian oocytes, is composed of at least three glycoproteins. Our previous studies have demonstrated that the matrix's components, ZP3 and ZPD, are synthesized in ovarian granulosa cells. Another component, ZP1, is synthesized in the liver and is transported to the ovary by blood circulation. In this study...

Diatoms are the major marine primary producers on the global scale and, recently, several methods have been developed to retrieve their abundance or dominance from satellite remote sensing data. In this work, we highlight the importance of the Southern Ocean (SO) in developing a global algorithm for diatom using an Abundance Based Approach (ABA). A large global in situ data set of phytoplankton...

This paper is concerned with the issue of adjusting the complexity, content and assistance in interactive learning environments (ILEs). In particular, it describes the structure and evaluation of the learner model implemented within VIS (the Vygotskian Instructional System). This software explores the way that Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development can be used in the design of learner models. ...

For a number field F and an odd prime p, let F˜ be the compositum of all Zp-extensions Λ˜ associated Iwasawa algebra. Let GS(F˜) Galois group over maximal extension which is unramified outside p-adic infinite places. In this paper we study Λ˜-module XS(−i)(F˜):=H1(GS(F˜),Zp(−i)) its relationship with X(F˜(μp))(i−1)Δ, Δ:=Gal(F˜(μp)/F˜)-invariant F˜(μp) abelian pro-p-extension F˜(μp). More precis...

This article presents the outcomes of how Dynamic Assessment (DA) may be organized to function within a class’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). The testing field also has recently undergone noticeable changes leading to a shift to use technology that is emerged in our era. The study investigated college students’ barriers and motivations for testing reading comprehension ability using the n...

This study investigates the effect of homogeneous and heterogeneous peer interaction on the development of Iranian EFL learners’ writing skill. Sixty female students of TEFL participated in the study. The participants were divided into two groups based on their English proficiency test scores. The homogeneous group consisted of 14 participants paired with partners with similar English proficien...

testing as a general trait of social life has received a great deal of attention by many language teachers and scholars. throughout history, people have been tested to prove their abilities and experiences or to confirm their capacities. many authorities have said that assessment and instruction should be integrated as a single and inseparable activity which seeks to understand development by a...

Abstract GNSS integrity monitoring requires proper bounding to characterize all ranging error sources. Unlike classical approaches based on probabilistic assumptions, our alternative approach depends deterministic interval bounds as inputs. The intrinsically linear uncertainty propagation with intervals is adequate describe remaining systematic uncertainty, the so-called imprecision. In this co...