Written language is an evolutionarily recent human invention; consequently, its neural substrates cannot be determined by the genetic code. How, then, does the brain incorporate skills of this type? One possibility is that written language is dependent on evolutionarily older skills, such as spoken language; another is that dedicated substrates develop with expertise. If written language does d...

BACKGROUND A study of linguistic and narrative variables in oral and written language disorder. AIM To characterize the linguistic and narrative productivity, oral and written productions, of scholars with oral and written language disorder. METHOD Oral and written narrative productions of 30 scholars from public schools (male and female aged 7 to 13 years) were compared. These individuals ...

We present a work in progress on machine learning of affect in human verbal communications. We identify semantic verb categories that capture essential properties when human communication combines spoken and written language properties. Information Extraction methods then are used to construct verb-based features that represent texts in machine learning experiments. Our empirical results show t...

This study compared the effects of teacher-provided direct and indirect written corrective feedback and manipulation of resource-directing dimensions of task cognitive complexity along +/- Here and Now condition on the grammatical accuracy of Iranian intermediate EFL learners’ narrative writing tasks. There were 45 participants in the study who were randomly assigned to three experimental group...

PURPOSE It aims to identify the effect of five variables to score of the Korean Medical Licensing Examinations (KMLE) for three consecutive years from 2011 to 2013. METHODS The number of examinees for each examination was 3,364 in 2011 3,177 in 2012, and 3,287 in 2013. Five characteristics of examinees were set as variables: gender, age, graduation status, written test result (pass or fail), ...

Four experiments tested for perceptual priming for written words in a semantic categorization task. Repetition priming was obtained for low-frequency words when unrelated categorizations were performed at study and test (Experiment 1), but it was not orthographically mediated given that written-to-written and spoken-to-written word priming was equivalent (Experiments 2 and 3). Furthermore, no p...