Offshore wind farms with high installed capacities and located further from the shore are starting to be built by northern European countries. Furthermore, it is expected that by 2020, several dozens of large offshore wind farms will be built in the Baltic, Irish and North seas. These wind farms will be constituted of a considerable number of turbines packed together. Due to shadowing effects b...

The paper explores the influence of large offshore wind farms on the performance of the system to which they are connected. To meet the emerging requirements of the power system with regard to voltage and frequency, controllers with extended features have been used that enable the control of the terminal voltage and the participation of large wind farms on system frequency control. The models o...

Due to the intermittency of wind power generation, it is very hard to manage its system operation and planning. In order to incorporate higher wind power penetrations into power systems that maintain secure and economic power system operation, an accurate and efficient estimation of wind power outputs is needed. In this paper, we propose the stochastic prediction of wind generating resources us...

Introduction Due to the cleanness and low cost of wind energy, wind farms are designed to produce as much energy as possible. Wind depends on external atmospheric conditions. For energy control centers is difficult to schedule wind power energy due to its intermittency.

The actuator line technique was introduced as a numerical tool to be employed in combination with large eddy simulations to enable the study of wakes and wake interaction in wind farms. The technique is today largely used for studying basic features of wakes as well as for making performance predictions of wind farms. In this paper, we give a short introduction to the wake problem and the actua...

Of all the issues surrounding noise emissions from wind farms, the question of the potential for annoyance and adverse effects from low frequency sound is one of the most topical. Anecdotal literature is replete with statements concerning the effects of infrasound and low frequency noise. In this paper we present objective methodologies to measure and assess infrasound and low frequency noise i...

Wind turbines continuously remove kinetic energy from the lower troposphere, thereby reducing the wind speed near hub height. The rate of electricity generation in large wind farms containing multiple wind arrays is, therefore, constrained by the rate of kinetic energy replenishment from the atmosphere above. In recent years, a growing body of research argues that the rate of generated power is...

The effect of extensive terrestrial wind farms on the spatio-temporal structure of the diurnally-evolving atmospheric boundary layer is explored. High-resolution largeeddy simulations of a realistic diurnal cycle with an embedded wind farm are performed. Simulations are forced by a constant geostrophic velocitywith time-varying surface boundary conditions derived from a selected period of the C...

This paper considers the technical and practical challenges involved in modelling emerging engineering problems. The inherent uncertainty and potential for change in operating environment and procedures adds significant complexity to the model development process. This is demonstrated by considering the development of a model to quantify the uncertainty associated with the influence of the wind...

Wind energy has become an important source of energy in the last years, proven to be an alternative to fossil power production. The advances in technology have allowed to exploit this resource in new environments. While offshore wind farms projects are growing at important rates, onshore farms are still the main contributors of this energy source. However, challenges to make wind farms projects...