Hypotonic-hyporesponsive episode (HHE), sometimes called the ragdoll, collapse reaction, or shock-like state refers to an adverse event occurring after administration of whole-cell pertussis vaccine; the infant becomes pale and displays decreased responsiveness, muscle tone, and activity. Although HHE occurs most often after immunization with whole-cell pertussis vaccine, it has also been repor...

Radiation-attenuated Plasmodium sporozoites (RAS) are the only vaccine shown to induce sterilizing protection against malaria in both humans and rodents. Importantly, these "whole-parasite" vaccines are currently under evaluation in human clinical trials. Studies with inbred mice reveal that RAS-induced CD8 T cells targeting liver-stage parasites are critical for protection. However, the paucit...

Introduction A Q fever vaccine for humans is not currently licensed in the UK. Globally there are two broad types of vaccine currently in use or undergoing research: formalin-inactivated whole-cell vaccines such as the commercially available Q-vax in Australia, and acellular vaccines, such as trichloroacetic acid extracted (TCA) and chloroform-methanol residue (CMR) vaccines, developed in forme...

The Editorial by Lone and Puliyel contains several factual errors. It exhibits a time warp, citing old information but not its new details and a disregard for truth by arguments taken out of context. It contains statements that have been disproved. The idea of pentavalent vaccine has ‘technical’ elements – the epidemiological need to introduce hepatitis B (HB) vaccine and Haemophilus influenzae...

It is well known that Leptospira vaccine prevents the disease. However specificity for serovars limits the efficacy of killed whole cell vaccines. Leptospiral antigens that induce cross-protective immunity to the various serovars are sought as new vaccine candidates. In this paper, we have summarized both past and current findings about leptospiral antigens that are conserved among pathogenic l...

The aim of this study was to identify the cell surface cluster of differentiation (CD) markers of the cell lines infected by Theileria annulata schizont. The CD molecules are very useful for the characterization of cells and different subpopulations of leukocytes. They are usually recognized by specific antibodies using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. In the current stud...

introduction: infections by multidrug resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis (mdr-tb) is a major public health challenge. secretion of proteins by m. tuberculosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the bacterium. we compared the protein profiles of susceptible m. tuberculosis and mdr-tb isolates using proteomic analyses, namely two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2de) and mass spectr...

We identified cancer stem cell (CSC)-enriched populations from murine melanoma D5 syngeneic to C57BL/6 mice and the squamous cancer SCC7 syngeneic to C3H mice using ALDEFLUOR/ALDH as a marker, and tested their immunogenicity using the cell lysate as a source of antigens to pulse dendritic cells (DCs). DCs pulsed with ALDH(high) CSC lysates induced significantly higher protective antitumor immun...

The results of phase 3 efficacy trials have shown that acellular and whole-cell pertussis vaccines can confer protection against whooping cough. However, despite the advances in vaccine development, clinical trials have not provided significant new information on the mechanism of protective immunity against Bordetella pertussis. Classical approaches based on measurement of antibody responses to...

Tumor-specific immune tolerance limits the effectiveness of cancer vaccines. In addition, tumor vaccines alone have a limited potential for the treatment of measurable tumor burdens. This highlights the importance of identifying more potent cancer vaccine strategies for clinical testing. We tested immune-modulating doses of chemotherapy in combination with a granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimul...