Tooth whitening has become increasingly popular; according to the American Academy of Cosmetic Dentistry, Americans spend 1.4 billion dollars per year on tooth whitening. There are several approaches including use abrasives for mechanical removal material, colorants, and oxidation chromophores that make stains [1,2].

Skin care cosmetics frequently contain whitening or lightening agents. The present study aimed to establish in vitro methods for predicting chemical leukoderma caused by whitening agents in cosmetics. The risks of chemical leukoderma were predicted based on percutaneous absorption rates, toxic concentrations, and toxicity mechanisms. Thus, in vitro skin permeation rate and cytotoxic concentrati...

Level of Service of Safety is a new concept in the field of traffic safety in China and developed countries, it is a quality indicator which is used to describe the road traffic safety situation and roads providing service of traffic safety for traffic participants. Introducing the study status of the Level of Service of Safety in China and developed countries, the definition of the concept, ap...

This study investigated the effects of silkworm hemolymph-derived storage protein 2 (SP2) on the whitening process in mouse B16F1 melanoma cells. After the cells were treated with various concentrations of SP2 (0.1 1.0 mg/mL), cytotoxicity, melanin contents, and differences in mRNA and protein expression associated with melanogenesis were observed. No cytotoxicity was observed when cells were t...

This article explores how race and color labels are used to describe people in an Afro-Peruvian community. This article is based on analyses of 88 interviews and 18 months of fieldwork in an African-descended community in Peru. The analyses of these data reveal that, if we consider race and color to be conceptually distinct, there is no “mulatto escape hatch,” no social or cultural whitening, a...

In this paper it is shown how estimates of local structure and orientation can be obtained using a set of spherically separable quadrature lters. The method is applicable to signals of any dimensionality the only requirement being that the lter set spans the corresponding orientation space. The estimates produced are 2:nd order tensors, the size of the tensors corresponding to the dimensionalit...

We examine the use of a blind adaptive “pre-whitening” filter to precede an equalizer adapted by the constant modulus algorithm (CMA). The idea is based on results presented in which the use of a (fixed, or non-adaptive) pre-whitening filter provides an isometry (i.e. geometry preserving transformation) between the combined channel-equalizer (or global space) and the equalizer tap space. As muc...

Twofish is a 128-bit block cipher submitted as an AES candidate [SKW+98]. Mirza and Murphy [MM99] recently noted two interesting properties in the Twofish key schedule for 128-bit keys: there is a non-uniform distribution of 128-bit whitening keys, and the 64-bit round subkeys are non-uniformly distributed over each subset of keys that fixes the S-boxes. This paper extends these results and exp...

Joint diagonalization for ICA is often performed on the orthogonal group after a pre-whitening step. Here we assume that we only want to extract a few sources after pre-whitening, and hence work on the Stiefel manifold of p-frames in R. The resulting method does not only use second-order statistics to estimate the dimension reduction and is therefore denoted as soft dimension reduction. We empl...