Patterning of the Drosophila embryo depends on the accurate expression of wingless (wg), which encodes a secreted signal required for segmentation and many other processes. Early expression of wg is regulated by the nuclear proteins of the gap and pair-rule gene classes but, after gastrulation, wg transcription is also dependent on cell-cell communication. Signaling to the Wg-producing cells is...

We have expressed the segment polarity gene wingless (wg) ectopically in imaginal discs to examine its regulation of both ventral patterning and transdetermination. By experimentally manipulating the amount of Wg protein, we show that different thresholds of Wg activity elicit different outcomes, which are mediated by regulation of decapentaplegic (dpp) expression and result in alterations in t...

OBJECTIVE To assess the incremental cost-effectiveness of 3 Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis strategies in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) receiving immunosuppressive therapies: 1) no prophylaxis; 2) trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) 160 mg/800 mg 3 times a week, which is discontinued if patients experience an adverse drug reaction (ADR); and 3) TMP/SMX 160 mg/...

Recent studies in Drosophila have shown that heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are required for Wingless (Wg/Wnt) signaling. In addition, genetic and phenotypic analyses have implicated the glypican gene dally in this process. Here, we report the identification of another Drosophila glypican gene, dally-like (dly) and show that it is also involved in Wg signaling. Inhibition of dly gene act...

. introduction global warming and its result, climate change is an important subject investigated especially in the recent decades by researchers throughout the world. in these studies, at first, climatic parameters changes are investigated. considering many uncertainties in the parameters estimation, it is better to choose a method in order to study and analyze the uncertainty band due to diff...

introduction rainfall is considered as one of the most important factures in water cycle. prediction of monthly rainfall is important for many purposes such as estimating torrent, drought, run-off, sediment, irrigation programming and also management of drainage basins. rainfall prediction in each area is mediated by punctual data measured as humidity, temperature, wind speed and etc. as iran i...

in this study, optimized adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (oanfis) was employed on a set of daily, weekly, 10-days and monthly data of inflow water into the alavian dam to predict the real-time inflow of the reservoir. sequential and exhaustive search algorithms were used to determine the numbers and time steps of the model inputs and also reducing the prediction’s errors. in sequential se...